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Key role of chemistry versus bias in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution

Nature volume 587, pages 408–413 (2020)Cite this article

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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 05 January 2021

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Abstract

The oxygen evolution reaction has an important role in many alternative-energy schemes because it supplies the protons and electrons required for converting renewable electricity into chemical fuels1,2,3. Electrocatalysts accelerate the reaction by facilitating the required electron transfer4, as well as the formation and rupture of chemical bonds5. This involvement in fundamentally different processes results in complex electrochemical kinetics that can be challenging to understand and control, and that typically depends exponentially on overpotential1,2,6,7. Such behaviour emerges when the applied bias drives the reaction in line with the phenomenological Butler–Volmer theory, which focuses on electron transfer8, enabling the use of Tafel analysis to gain mechanistic insight under quasi-equilibrium9,10,11 or steady-state assumptions12. However, the charging of catalyst surfaces under bias also affects bond formation and rupture13,14,15, the effect of which on the electrocatalytic rate is not accounted for by the phenomenological Tafel analysis8 and is often unknown. Here we report pulse voltammetry and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on iridium oxide to show that the applied bias does not act directly on the reaction coordinate, but affects the electrocatalytically generated current through charge accumulation in the catalyst. We find that the activation free energy decreases linearly with the amount of oxidative charge stored, and show that this relationship underlies electrocatalytic performance and can be evaluated using measurement and computation. We anticipate that these findings and our methodology will help to better understand other electrocatalytic materials and design systems with improved performance.

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Fig. 1: Measured electrocatalytic response of IrOx/Ti-250 °C.
Fig. 2: Charge storage under steady-state and potentiodynamic conditions.
Fig. 3: Computed surface pH–potential phase diagram.
Fig. 4: Computed mechanism and energetics of water–oxyl coupling.
Fig. 5: Computed electrocatalytic response of IrO2.

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Data availability

All data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials and from the Open Research Data Repository of the Max Planck Society, https://doi.org/10.17617/3.48. Source data are provided with this paper.

Change history

  • 05 January 2021

    A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03101-x.

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Acknowledgements

We thank HZB for synchrotron radiation beamtime and the High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS) for access to the HazelHen and Hawk supercomputers as part of the ECHO project. Part of this work was carried out at Petra III (beamline P64) and we thank V. Murzin, A. Tayal and W. Caliebe for assistance and acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for access. We thank M. Hashagen, J. Allan and F. Girgsdies for BET and X-ray diffraction measurements and A. Müller-Kauke for inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry measurements. Financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Priority Program 1613 and Grant STR 596/11-1 is acknowledged. P.S. acknowledges partial funding by the DFG under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2008/1 – 390540038 (zum Teil gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen der Exzellenzstrategie des Bundes und der Länder – EXC 2008/1 – 390540038).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Hong Nhan Nong, Lorenz J. Falling

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Materials Engineering Division, The Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Materials Science Laboratory, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Hong Nhan Nong, Malte Klingenhof, Hoang Phi Tran, Camillo Spöri & Peter Strasser

  2. Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany

    Hong Nhan Nong, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl & Detre Teschner

  3. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin, Germany

    Lorenz J. Falling, Rik Mom, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl, Detre Teschner & Travis E. Jones

  4. Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin, Germany

    Arno Bergmann, Janis Timoshenko & Beatriz Roldan Cuenya

  5. Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Guido Zichittella & Javier Pérez-Ramírez

  6. Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-IOM, Trieste, Italy

    Simone Piccinin

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Contributions

T.E.J. and D.T. designed the study, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. H.N.N. carried out electrochemical measurements with the help of M.K., H.P.T. and C.S.; H.N.N., L.J.F., C.S. and D.T. performed soft-X-ray measurements. H.N.N., A.B., J.T. and D.T. performed hard-X-ray measurements. T.E.J. performed DFT calculations with the help of S.P.; G.Z. prepared Cl-treated samples under the supervision of J.P.-R.; H.N.N. prepared the IrOx-250 ºC, IrOx-450 ºC and IrNi samples. J.P.-R., B.R.C., R.S. and P.S. offered guidance for the project. All authors commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Detre Teschner or Travis E. Jones.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Peer review information Nature thanks Shannon Boettcher and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

The SI pdf contains Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Discussion, Supplementary Figures 1 to 22, Supplementary Tables 1 to 7, and references. The text and display items present an extended discussion on methodology of the employed techniques, additional characterization, and results from additional materials, including Cl treatment.

Video 1

ca. 5 ps water dynamics on surface with 0/4 ML θh+.

Video 2

ca. 5 ps water dynamics on surface with 1/4 ML θh+.

Video 3

ca. 5 ps water dynamics on surface with 1/2 ML θh+.

Video 4

ca. 5 ps water dynamics on surface with 3/4 ML θh+.

Video 5

ca. 5 ps water dynamics on surface with 4/4 ML θh+.

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Nong, H.N., Falling, L.J., Bergmann, A. et al. Key role of chemistry versus bias in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Nature 587, 408–413 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2908-2

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