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The native structure of the assembled matrix protein 1 of influenza A virus

Nature volume 587, pages 495–498 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Influenza A virus causes millions of severe cases of disease during annual epidemics. The most abundant protein in influenza virions is matrix protein 1 (M1), which mediates virus assembly by forming an endoskeleton beneath the virus membrane1. The structure of full-length M1, and how it oligomerizes to mediate the assembly of virions, is unknown. Here we determine the complete structure of assembled M1 within intact virus particles, as well as the structure of M1 oligomers reconstituted in vitro. We find that the C-terminal domain of M1 is disordered in solution but can fold and bind in trans to the N-terminal domain of another M1 monomer, thus polymerizing M1 into linear strands that coat the interior surface of the membrane of the assembling virion. In the M1 polymer, five histidine residues—contributed by three different monomers of M1—form a cluster that can serve as the pH-sensitive disassembly switch after entry into a target cell. These structures therefore reveal mechanisms of influenza virus assembly and disassembly.

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Fig. 1: Cryo-ET of influenza A HK68 virions.
Fig. 2: Structure and assembly of influenza M1.
Fig. 3: Interactions that mediate assembly of M1.

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Data availability

The cryo-EM and cryo-ET structures, and representative tomograms are deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) under accession codes EMD-11075, EMD-11076, EMD-11077, EMD-11078 and EMD-11079. The associated molecular models are deposited in the PDB under accession codes 6Z5J and 6Z5L. Protein structures from published work that were used in this study are available in the PDB under accession codes: 1AA7, 1EA3, 5WCO and 5V6G. Sequences used in this study are available from UniProt.

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Acknowledgements

We thank V. Sonntag-Buck, V. Zila, P. Chlanda, S. Klein, D. Morado, S. Scheres, C. Yu, C.-Y. Huang and W. Hagen for technical assistance, and P. Rosenthal, S. Gamblin, J. Skehel and D. Veesler for support during the preparation of helical arrays. All NMR data were acquired at the MRS facility of the MRC-LMB. This study made use of electron microscopes at EMBL and the MRC-LMB EM Facility, as well as high-performance computing resources at EMBL and LMB and the CIID CL2 imaging facility; we thank the staff who maintain these resources. Funding was provided to J.A.G.B. by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC-CoG-648432 MEMBRANEFUSION), the Medical Research Council (MC_UP_1201/16) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory; and to J.A.G.B. and H.G.K. by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project number 240245660 - SFB1129).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xiaoli Xiong

    Present address: Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health - Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China

  2. William Wan

    Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

  3. Oliver Schraidt

    Present address: International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal

  4. Susann Kummer

    Present address: Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany

  5. These authors contributed equally: Julia Peukes, Xiaoli Xiong

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

    Julia Peukes, Xiaoli Xiong, Simon Erlendsson, Kun Qu, Stefan M. V. Freund & John A. G. Briggs

  2. Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany

    Julia Peukes, William Wan, Oliver Schraidt & John A. G. Briggs

  3. Joint PhD Program, EMBL and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Julia Peukes

  4. Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK

    Leslie J. Calder

  5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Susann Kummer & Hans-Georg Kräusslich

  6. German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany

    Hans-Georg Kräusslich

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Contributions

X.X., H.G.K. and J.A.G.B. conceived the project. X.X. designed and performed in vitro helical assembly of M1. L.J.C. contributed to the initial identification of helical arrays. X.X., S.E. and S.M.V.F. designed and performed NMR experiments. J.P. and J.A.G.B. designed virus and VLP experiments, which were performed by J.P. O.S. and S.K. performed preliminary sample preparation and structural characterization of M1. J.P., X.X. and K.Q. collected cryo-EM and cryo-ET data. J.P. processed cryo-ET data with assistance from W.W. and J.A.G.B. X.X. processed cryo-EM data with assistance from K.Q. and J.A.G.B. J.P., X.X., S.E. and J.A.G.B. interpreted data. J.P., X.X. and J.A.G.B. wrote the original draft, which was edited and reviewed by all authors. J.A.G.B. and H.G.K. obtained funding. J.A.G.B. supervised and managed the project.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xiaoli Xiong or John A. G. Briggs.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 HK68 virions and VLPs have variable numbers of M1 strands and variable radius.

a, Slices through tomograms of two HK68 virus filaments, superimposed with a visualization of M1 subtomogram positions and orientations. Separate M1 strands are shown in different colours. Left, M1 arranged as three parallel left-handed helical strands. Right, M1 arranged as six parallel right-handed helical strands. Scale bars, 20 nm. Morphology is representative of three independent preparations of virus. b, As in a but for HK68 VLP filaments. Morphology is representative of five independent preparations of VLPs. c, Histogram showing the distribution of the number of helical strands (‘# helix starts’) for all HK68 virus (white) and VLP (grey) filaments analysed. Right-handed helices have positive start numbers, and left-handed helices have negative start numbers. d, Histogram showing the distribution of filament radii for all HK68 virus and VLP filaments analysed. Radii were determined at the position of the M1 NTD. e, A scatter plot of the number of helical strands against filament radius for each filament characterized in n = 52 virions from 1 representative preparation of virus, and n = 22 VLPs from 1 representative preparation of VLPs.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Comparison of HK68 virus and VLP M1 structures, and resolution measurements.

a, Representative orthoslice through a HK68 virus tomogram. Scale bar, 50 nm. Morphology is representative of three independent preparations of virus. b, Projection through 1.8 nm of the M1 subtomogram average obtained from HK68 virus data. c, Global FSC curve for the structure of M1 from HK68 virus (black), and analysis of anisotropy by FSC curves in x, y and z directions (blue, green and red, respectively). d–f, As in a–c, for VLP data. Morphology is representative of five independent preparations of VLPs. g, The structure of M1 from HK68 virus derived from subtomogram averaging, shown as a pink isosurface and fitted with the M1 NTD crystal structure. Cylinders represent the secondary structure elements of the M1 CTD. h, As in g, but for the subtomogram averaging structure of M1 from VLPs. We did not observe density that might correspond to the cytoplasmic tail of HA. i, FSC calculated between the virus M1 and VLP M1 structures, indicating that the structures are the same up to a resolution of 9 Å.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Analysis of the M1 structure determined within virions and VLPs.

a, Overlay of the model of M1 subunits as they are arranged in virions and VLPs with two neighbouring M1 NTD domains (pink) within the crystal packing in PDB 1EA313. Inset highlights the positions of the interhelix loops (L). b, Model of M1 subunits as they are arranged in virions and VLPs, shown in three different orientations (as in Fig. 2b). c, Surface charge representation for the NTD in equivalent orientations to those shown in a, coloured from negative (red) to positive (blue). Charged residues that form interstrand interfaces, and their respective helix numbers, are marked in the top and bottom panels. Basic residues shown in Fig. 2c and involved in membrane interaction are marked in the middle panel. Mutation of residues 77 and 78 to alanine reduces M1 incorporation into virions63. d, Overlay of the M1 model with two neighbouring infectious salmon anaemia virus matrix proteins (magenta) from the crystal packing in PDB 5WCO15. The difference in orientation of the CTD could reflect differences in influenza A virus or infectious salmon anaemia virus virion morphology, but we consider it more likely that it reflects the sequence divergence between infectious salmon anaemia virus and influenza A virus.

Extended Data Fig. 4 NMR analysis of M1.

a, 1H–15N HSQC spectrum of full-length M1 at pH 5. The spectrum is representative of three independent sample preparations. b, Representative diffusion curves acquired at pH 5 and 7, and fitted diffusion coefficients and calculated radii of hydration at pH values 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Error bars indicate the uncertainties of the intensities of the picked peak using Bruker Dynamics Center 2.6.1. HYDROPRO53 calculated radii of hydration are listed below for comparison. c, 1H–15N HSQC spectra of full-length M1 at different pH values. Increasing pH in absence of DNA and membrane does not induce folding of the CTD. At high pH (>8), only resonances from the first part of the NTD are visible. The protein remains largely monomeric throughout the pH titration. d, Secondary chemical shifts analysis. When compared to random coil, positive Cα and negative Cβ chemical shifts designate α-helical secondary structure. α-Helical segments from the single-particle structure are depicted above for comparison. Missing assignments are indicated by blue dots.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Electron microscopy of in vitro-reconstituted M1 helical tubes.

a, Negative-stain image of aggregated M1 tubes found within the pellet after sucrose cushion centrifugation. b, Negative-stain image of an in vitro-assembled M1 tube in the presence of nucleic acid. Images in a, b are representative of at least five independent preparations. c, A typical cryo-EM image of in vitro assembled M1 tubes at 2.7 μm underfocus, representative of three independent preparations. d, Selected class averages with tube diameter between 327–329 Å as determined by segclassexam. The lower left class average has minimal out-of-plane tilt and was used to test possible helical parameters by segclassreconstruct. e, Cryo-EM density of an M1 monomer is shown, the surface is coloured by local resolution of the map as determined by RELION. Boxes indicate regions magnified in g–i. f, Global FSC curve of the final in vitro-assembled M1 tube helical reconstruction (Fig. 2d). g–i, Magnified regions of cryo-EM density as indicated in e and their fitted molecular models.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Analysis of the in vitro M1 structure.

a, A view of M1 monomers extracted from the helical reconstruction to show the sites of interaction with the two nucleic acid strands (Fig. 2). One nucleic acid strand binds at the NTD–NTD interface (yellow), the other binds to a groove formed at the CTD–CTD interface (pink). Residues interacting with nucleic acid are all positively charged and are shown as sticks. Residues that form part of the nuclear localization signal that was previously shown to bind the viral ribonucleoprotein64 are underlined. b, Alignment of in situ (blue) and in vitro (green) M1 dimers extracted from their respective linear polymers. The differences are limited to small movements at the interfaces, perturbations in the orientation of α-helix 9 that accommodate the different curvatures, and a small change in the orientation of α-helix 12. It is possible that these differences reflect differences between spherical PR8 virions and filamentous HK68 virions, but we think it is more likely that they reflect the different curvature and the presence of nucleic acid in the in vitro sample. Inset highlights selected residues in the CTD. The mutations Ser183Ala and Thr185Ala cause spherical influenza A virus WSN to make more filamentous particles65. We speculate that these mutations may modulate folding of the CTD. Residue 204 is Glu in filamentous Udorn and HK68, but is Asp in spherical WSN, and the mutation Glu204Asp reduces the number of long filaments21. This residue is close to the C-terminal end of the neighbouring CTD and we speculate that this difference may influence this interaction. Residue 242 can be sumoylated66. This residue faces the inside of the virion where sumoylation could be accommodated without altering M1 packing. c, Alignment of the full-length M1 structure determined by helical reconstruction (green) to crystal structures of M1 NTD: PDB 1AA7 (blue)12, PDB 1EA3 (yellow)13 and PDB 5V6G (cyan)14. The structures are the same except for small differences in the H4–H5 loop.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Alignment of M1 protein sequences.

M1 sequences of the following viruses: influenza A M1 PR8 (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)), influenza A M1 HK68 (A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2)), influenza A M1 (A/chicken/Fujian/25/2000 (H9N2)), bat influenza M1 H17N10 (A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/164/2009 (H17N10)), bat influenza M1 H18N11 (A/flat-faced bat/Peru/033/2010 (H18N11)), influenza B M1 (B/Lee/1940) were downloaded from UniProt and aligned using mafft (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/). Locations of α-helices 1–12 are marked above the amino acid sequences. Conserved histidines are shaded blue, and conserved charged residues are shaded cyan. Substituted histidine locations and compensatory histidine substitutions are shaded red.

Extended Data Table 1 Data collection and processing parameters for M1 within virions and VLPs
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Data collection and processing parameters for in vitro helical assembly of M1
Full size table

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Peukes, J., Xiong, X., Erlendsson, S. et al. The native structure of the assembled matrix protein 1 of influenza A virus. Nature 587, 495–498 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2696-8

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