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Mechanism of DNA translocation underlying chromatin remodelling by Snf2

Nature volume 567, pages 409–413 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Chromatin remodellers include diverse enzymes with distinct biological functions, but nucleosome-sliding activity appears to be a common theme1,2. Among the remodelling enzymes, Snf2 serves as the prototype to study the action of this protein family. Snf2 and related enzymes share two conserved RecA-like lobes3, which by themselves are able to couple ATP hydrolysis to chromatin remodelling. The mechanism by which these enzymes couple ATP hydrolysis to translocate the nucleosome along the DNA remains unclear2,4,5,6,7,8. Here we report the structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf2 bound to the nucleosome in the presence of ADP and ADP-BeFx. Snf2 in the ADP-bound state adopts an open conformation similar to that in the apo state, and induces a one-base-pair DNA bulge at superhelix location 2 (SHL2), with the tracking strand showing greater distortion than the guide strand. The DNA distortion propagates to the proximal end, leading to staggered translocation of the two strands. The binding of ADP-BeFx triggers a closed conformation of the enzyme, resetting the nucleosome to a relaxed state. Snf2 shows altered interactions with the DNA in different nucleotide states, providing the structural basis for DNA translocation. Together, our findings suggest a fundamental mechanism for the DNA translocation that underlies chromatin remodelling.

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Fig. 1: Overall structures of the Snf2–nucleosome complex.
Fig. 2: Sliding in of 1-bp DNA caused by Snf2 in the ADP-bound state.
Fig. 3: smFRET analyses of the DNA translocation induced by Snf2 in different nucleotide states.
Fig. 4: Altered interactions with DNA by Snf2 in an ATPase cycle.

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Data availability

Atomic coordinates and electron microscopy maps are deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) and Protein Data Bank (PDB) under accession codes EMD-6883, PBD code 5Z3V (‘601’, ADP-BeFx, SHL-2 complex); EMD-6882, PDB code 5Z3U (“601”, ADP-BeFx, SHL2 complex); EMD-6880, PBD code 5Z3O (“601”, ADP, SHL2 complex); EMD-6879, PBD code 5Z3L (‘601’, apo, SHL2 complex); EMD-9748, PBD code 6IY2 (‘MMTV’, ADP, SHL2 complex); and EMD-9749, PBD code 6IY3 (‘MMTV’, ADP, SHL−2 complex).

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Lei and the staff at the Tsinghua University Branch of China National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing for providing facility support. This work was supported by the Chinese MOST (2017YFA0102900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31825016, 31570731, 31630046) to Z.C. and (11834018) to Ming Li.

Reviewer information

Nature thanks Beat Fierz and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Meijing Li, Xian Xia, Yuanyuan Tian, Qi Jia, Xiaoyu Liu

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Meijing Li, Xian Xia, Yuanyuan Tian, Xiaoyu Liu, Xueming Li & Zhucheng Chen

  2. School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Meijing Li, Xian Xia, Yuanyuan Tian, Xiaoyu Liu, Xueming Li & Zhucheng Chen

  3. Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China

    Meijing Li, Yuanyuan Tian, Xiaoyu Liu, Xueming Li & Zhucheng Chen

  4. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, China

    Meijing Li, Xian Xia, Yuanyuan Tian, Xiaoyu Liu, Xueming Li & Zhucheng Chen

  5. Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Qi Jia, Ying Lu & Ming Li

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Contributions

Meijing Li collected the EM data with help from X. Liu and X.X.; X. Liu and X.X. prepared the proteins and performed the biochemical analyses; Meijing Li and X. Li performed the EM analysis; Y.T., Q.J., Y.L., Z.C. and Ming Li performed the smFRET analysis; Z.C. wrote the manuscript with help from all authors; Z.C. directed and supervised the research.

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Correspondence to Ming Li, Xueming Li or Zhucheng Chen.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Cryo-EM structure analysis of the Snf2–nucleosome complex in the ADP-bound state.

a, Representative micrograph of cryo-EM sample. b, Fast Fourier transform (FFT) of image in a with the Thon rings extending to approximately 3.5 Å. c, 2D class averages of characteristic projection views of cryo-EM particles, Snf2–NCP complexes marked with red box were selected for further processing. d, Flow chart of cryo-EM data processing. The linker DNA is visible at low resolution during the 3D classification steps, and becomes invisible at high resolution after auto-refinements. e, The gold-standard FSC curves calculated between two halves of datasets for the Snf2–nucleosome complex in different states. f, Angular distribution of particle projections of the SHL2 complex in the ADP-bound state.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Local density maps of the Snf2–nucleosome complex in the ADP-bound state.

a–g, Electron density maps of DNA (more views in Supplementary Video 1) (a); Snf2 (b); ADP-binding pocket (c); Arg1142 (d); Ser1162, Arg164 (motif V) and Trp1185 (e); α13 and Thr1113 (motif IV) (f); and Lys900 and Lys905 (motif II) (g). h, Comparison of the map-fitting quality of the models with the 5′-tracking strand DNA pulled from the proximal end (red) and from the distal end (grey). FSCs were calculated between the corresponding models and the segmented DNA density inside the nucleosome. Dashed line denotes FSC = 0.143. A representative region near the dyad is shown on the right. The hypothetical model with DNA translocation from the distal end with led to a lower FSC between the model and the segmented DNA density, with the bases at positions 72 and 70 not fitting well into the map.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Flow chart of cryo-EM data processing of the Snf2–nucleosome complex in the ADP-BeFx-bound state.

a, Representative micrograph of cryo-EM sample. b, FFT of image in a with the Thon rings extending to approximately 3.5 Å. c, 2D class averages of characteristic projection views of cryo-EM particles. Snf2–NCP complexes marked with a red box were selected for further processing. d, Flow chart of cryo-EM data processing.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Local density maps of the Snf2–nucleosome complex in the ADP-BeFx-bound state.

a, b, Density maps of the nucleosome with ADP-BeFx-bound Snf2 at SHL2 (a) and SHL−2 (b). The boxed regions are enlarged for further analyses on the right. c, Comparison of the structures of the SHL2 (colour-coded) and SHL−2 (grey) complexes. Structures of the nucleosome are shown on the right. d, Density map of Snf2 in the ADP-BeFx-bound state. The brace-II and post-HSA (helicase-SANT-associated) helices show weak cryo-EM density. e, Density map of the catalytic pocket of Snf2 in the ADP-BeFx-bound state. BeFx is modelled by a BeF3 molecule (magenta). f, Structural comparison of the ATP-binding pocket of Snf2 (colour-coded) and NS3 helicase (grey, PDB code 3KQU40). g–j, Local density maps near Arg1142 (g), Arg1164 and Trp1185 (h), α13/Thr1113 (i), and motif II centring on Lys900 (j).

Extended Data Fig. 5 smFRET analyses of the DNA translocation induced by Snf2.

a, Labelling scheme. Nucleosomes are coloured as in Fig. 2. The boxed region is enlarged for further analysed in b. SHL2 and SHL−2 are defined based on the position relative to the fluorescent probes. The red and black arrows indicate the direction of DNA movement by Snf2 working at SHL2 and SHL−2, respectively. The distances between the Cy3 probe (at R71C of H2A) and the Cy5 probe placed at different positions are shown in the parentheses. c, d, Representative trace curves showing the Cy3 intensity (green), Cy5 intensity (red), the FRET value (left bottom) and distribution (right) of the free nucleosome with tracking strand (position 33, c) and guide strand (position −30, d) labelling. e–p, Representative trace curves showing the Cy3 intensity (green), Cy5 intensity (red), and the FRET value (black) of the nucleosome bound by Snf2 in the presence of ADP (e, f), ATP (g, h, the fluctuation of the FRET value was probably due to bidirectional DNA translocation resulting from the alternating remodelling by Snf2 at SHL2 and SHL−2), apo (i, j), ADP-BeFx (k, l), and adding Snf2 and ADP-BeFx sequentially (m–p). Left columns (c, e, g, i, k, m and o), tracking-strand labelling; right columns (d, f, h, j, l, n and p), guide-strand labelling. q, FRET peak values with the Cy5 probe placed at different positions of the free nucleosome.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Cryo-EM structure analysis of the MMTV-A nucleosome bound by Snf2 in the ADP-bound state.

a, Representative micrograph of cryo-EM sample. b, FFT of image in a with the Thon rings extending to approximately 3.5 Å. c, 2D class averages of characteristic projection views of cryo-EM particles, Snf2–MMTV-A NCP complexes marked with red box were selected for further processing. d, Flow chart of cryo-EM data processing. e, The gold-standard FSC curves calculated between two halves of datasets.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Local density maps of the MMTV-A nucleosome bound by Snf2 in the ADP-bound state.

a, Density maps of the whole SHL2 complex (left) and the MMTV-A nucleosome bound by Snf2 (right). The boxed region (SHL2) is enlarged for further analyses in b. b, Local density maps at the regions from positions 49–58 of the SHL2 complex. c, Density maps of the SHL−2 complex. The boxed region (SHL−2) is enlarged for further analyses at the bottom. d, Structural comparison of the Snf2–nucleosome complexes in the ADP-bound state. The ‘601’ nucleosome complex (SHL2) is colour coded. MMTV-A complex (SHL2) is in dark grey; MMTV-A complex (SHL-2) is in light grey. e, Local base-pair step parameters of the MMTV-A complex at SHL2. Calculation was performed with w3DNA41. f, Structural comparison of the DNA at SHL2. Free MMTV-A nucleosome (PDB code 5F99)20, cyan; Snf2-bound MMTV-A (colour-coded) and ‘601’ (grey) nucleosomes.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Cryo-EM structure of the Snf2–nucleosome complex in the apo state.

a, 4.31-Å-resolution cryo-EM density map (calculated with RELION) of the apo complex superimposed with the structures of Snf2 and nucleosome. Local cryo-EM density at SHL2 is shown in the middle, and local resolution analysis of the map on the right. b, 4.22-Å-resolution cryo-EM density map (calculated with THUNDER). Local cryo-EM density at SHL2 is shown in the middle, and local resolution analysis of the map on the right. c, Superposition of the models refined according to RELION (grey) and THUNDER (green). The two structures are essentially identical. d, Structural alignment of Snf2 in ADP (grey) and apo states (PDB code 5X0Y9). The apo structure is colour coded: core 1, green; core 2, cyan; brace helices, red; suppressor helix (SuppH), yellow. The nucleosomal DNA bound by the lobe 1–lobe 2 cleft is schematically illustrated as an oval. e, Structural alignment of the nucleosomal DNA bound by Snf2 in ADP (grey) and apo (colour coded) states. The Snf2 binding location is highlighted by the dotted square.

Extended Data Fig. 9 Snf2–nucleosomal DNA interactions.

a, Domain architecture of Snf2, coloured as before9. b, Comparison of the catalytic pocket of Snf2 in the ADP-bound (grey) and ADP-BeFx-bound (colour-coded) states. The bound BeFx is modelled as BeF3 (magenta). Blue arrow, movement of lobe 2 on ADP-BeFx binding. c, Comparison of the nucleosomal DNA bound by Snf2 in the presence of ADP-BeFx (colour-coded) and the unbound state (PDB code 3MVD, grey)13. The boxed region is enlarged for further analysis on the right. d, e, Details of the Snf2–DNA interactions in the ADP-BeFx-bound (d) and ADP-bound (e) states. Right, schematic of the interactions. f, Position of the gating helix (α13, magenta) in the ADP-bound complex.

Extended Data Fig. 10 Simplified remodelling cycle.

a, Remodelling cycle initiated from the apo state. In the apo state, Snf2 adopts an open conformation; the nucleosome is distorted with 1-bp bulge at SHL2, primed for the DNA translocation (stage 1). After ATP binding, Snf2 undergoes a large domain rotation to a closed conformation (stage 2), in which lobe2 pushes the DNA distortion to the exit side and the nucleosome recovers to the relaxed state, completing the translocation of 1 bp DNA. After ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release, Snf2 reopens its nucleosome-binding cleft (stage 3), causing a distortion of 1 bp DNA at the site of binding and translocation of the DNA from the proximal end into SHL2, whereby the nucleosome is primed for the next DNA translocation event. No large motion occurs after ADP release and the empty catalytic pocket of the enzyme waits from the next incoming ATP (stage 4). b, Remodelling cycle initiated from the ATP-bound state. The selection of the initial event within an ATPase cycle will not change the directionality of DNA translocation. An ATPase cycle initiated from the ATP-bound state is mechanistically equivalent to that initiated from the apo state (a).

Extended Data Table 1 Cryo-EM data collection, refinement and validation statistics
Full size table

Supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1

This file contains the uncropped gel.

Reporting Summary

Video 1

CryoEM map of the “601” nucleosome bound by Snf2 in the ADP state.

Video 2

Morphing video of chromatin remodeling. The video is made according to the proposed model (Extended Data Fig. 10b), with the structures of the stages 1-3 as determined in this study and that of state 4 based on its counterpart in the previous ATPase cycle (stage 1) with 1 bp DNA translocated to the exit side.

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Li, M., Xia, X., Tian, Y. et al. Mechanism of DNA translocation underlying chromatin remodelling by Snf2. Nature 567, 409–413 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1029-2

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