Abstract
Quantum error correction is essential for realizing the full potential of large-scale quantum information processing devices1,2. Fundamental to its experimental realization is the repetitive detection of errors via projective measurements of quantum correlations among qubits, as well as corrections using conditional feedback3. Repetitive application of such tasks requires that they neither induce unwanted crosstalk nor impede further control operations, which is challenging owing to the need to dissipatively couple qubits to the classical world for detection and reinitialization. For trapped ions, state readout involves scattering large numbers of resonant photons, which increases the probability of stray light causing errors on nearby qubits and leads to undesirable recoil heating of the ion motion. Here we demonstrate up to 50 sequential measurements of correlations between two beryllium ion microwave qubits using an ancillary optical qubit in a calcium ion, and implement feedback that allows us to stabilize two-qubit subspaces as well as Bell states, a class of maximally entangled states. Multi-qubit mixed-species gates are used to transfer information within the register from the qubit to the ancilla, enabling readout with negligible crosstalk to the data qubits. Heating of the ion motion during detection is mitigated by recooling all three ions using light that interacts with only the calcium ion, known as sympathetic cooling. A key element of our experimental setup is a powerful classical control system that features flexible in-sequence processing for feedback control. The methods employed here provide essential tools for scaling trapped-ion quantum computing, quantum-state control and entanglement-enhanced quantum metrology4.
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Data availability
The data generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank D. Kienzler, L. de Clercq and D. Nadlinger for contributions to the apparatus, J. Alonso for discussions and M. Grau and T.-L. Nguyen for reading the manuscript. We acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation through research grant 200020_165555 and through grant 51NF40-160591 from the National Centre of Competence in Research for Quantum Science and Technology (QSIT). K.K.M. is supported by an ETH Zürich Postdoctoral Fellowship. This research is partly based on work supported by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), via the US Army Research Office grant W911NF-16-1-0070. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the ODNI, IARPA or the US Government. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the US Army Research Office.
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Nature thanks B. Blinov and T. Northup for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Experimental data were taken by V.N., M.M. and K.K.M., using an apparatus built primarily by M.M., V.N., H.-Y.L. and C.F. V.N. and K.K.M. performed the data analysis, and M.M., K.K.M. and J.P.H. performed the modelling. V.N., M.M., K.K.M. and J.P.H. wrote the manuscript, with input from all authors.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Ion crystal and beam configuration.
Three co-trapped ions in a single harmonic potential well are addressed by Raman beam pairs for Be+ and a 729-nm beam for Ca+. The laser frequencies (written in solid text) correspond to those applied for single-qubit operations, resonant with the qubit transition (here ωCa is the optical qubit frequency, ωBe is an optical frequency near 313 nm, ω0 is the beryllium microwave qubit frequency, and ωco,1 and ωco,2 are the laser frequencies of the co-propagating Raman beams). The faint text represents modified frequencies used to address the sidebands that are associated with the in-phase centre-of-mass (COM) mode of the three-ion crystal at 1.56 MHz, at a small detuning δ to drive the entangling MS gates. Arrows above the ions indicate the normal-mode displacement directions for this mode, as well as the ‘Egyptian’ (4.20 MHz) and the out-of-phase (4.11 MHz) axial modes.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Experimental Bell measurement correlations.
Correlations between pairs of successive \({M}_{{S}_{Z}}\) measurement operations, categorized by the feedback that took place between them. Values of 1 (0) represent perfect correlation (anti-correlation). Upward-pointing (downward-pointing) triangles show the SZ (SX) correlations where no feedback occurred; thus, for SZ the sequence is SZ−SX−SZ. Pentagons (diamonds) are data obtained with the application of CX (CZ), which nominally commutes with SZ (SX); for example, the sequence SZ−SX−CX−SZ. Squares (hexagons) are correlations between two measurements in which CZ (CX)—namely, a correction that anti-commutes with the operator of interest—took place. Circles and stars indicate data for which both CX and CZ occurred. The plots use the same raw data as Fig. 3, and uncertainties reflect projection noise; the uncertainties fluctuate noticeably owing to the varying numbers of events considered for each point, which corresponds to a subset of the full dataset.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Simulated subspace measurement correlations.
By defining P(0i) as the probability of applying a feedback operation in the ith measurement round, we plot the conditional probability of feeding back on the system twice in a row (P(0i+1| 0i)) or just once (P(0i+1| 1i)) for both the experimental data and the simulation (‘sim’). Uncertainties for P(0i+1| 0i) are much larger owing to the rarity of these events (an average of 100 events over 10,000 simulated points).
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Negnevitsky, V., Marinelli, M., Mehta, K.K. et al. Repeated multi-qubit readout and feedback with a mixed-species trapped-ion register. Nature 563, 527–531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0668-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0668-z
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