Buccal mucosa graft for urethral reconstruction can be absent or insufficient in patients with failed urethral reconstruction, lichen sclerosus, alterations of the oral cavity and other contraindications. For these patients, the main alternatives are lingual, bladder and rectal mucosa grafts, and multidisciplinary teams worked to set up minimally invasive technologies to reduce morbidity and complications in donor sites.
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Sánchez, A.L., García-Perdomo, H.A. & Robayo, J.A. Alternatives to oral mucosa grafts for urethral reconstruction. Nat Rev Urol 20, 259–260 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-022-00707-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-022-00707-w