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Sex differences in movement disorders

Nature Reviews Neurology volume 16, pages 84–96 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

In a range of neurological conditions, including movement disorders, sex-related differences are emerging not only in brain anatomy and function, but also in pathogenesis, clinical features and response to treatment. In Parkinson disease (PD), for example, oestrogens can influence the severity of motor symptoms, whereas elevation of androgens can exacerbate tic disorders. Nevertheless, the real impact of sex differences in movement disorders remains under-recognized. In this article, we provide an up-to-date review of sex-related differences in PD and the most common hyperkinetic movement disorders, namely, essential tremor, dystonia, Huntington disease and other chorea syndromes, and Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. We highlight the most relevant clinical aspects of movement disorders that differ between men and women. Increased recognition of these differences and their impact on patient care could aid the development of tailored approaches to the management of movement disorders and enable the optimization of preclinical research and clinical studies.

Key points

  • Sex differences in epidemiology, clinical features and/or response to treatment have been reported in several movement disorders, including Parkinson disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, Huntington disease, Sydenham chorea and tic disorders.

  • In the case of PD, male sex is associated with higher incidence and prevalence, earlier disease onset, more severe motor symptoms and progression, and more frequent cognitive decline compared with female sex.

  • Few data are available on sex differences in hyperkinetic movement disorders, although craniocervical dystonia is more prevalent in women, whereas most focal task-specific dystonias and tics are more frequent in men.

  • Prospective studies specifically addressing sex differences in risk factors, symptomatology, disease progression, biomarkers and response to treatment are needed to develop tailored management strategies for patients with movement disorders.

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Fig. 1: Factors implicated in the genesis of sex differences in movement disorders.
Fig. 2: Sex differences in Parkinson disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France

    Sara Meoni & Elena Moro

  2. INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France

    Sara Meoni & Elena Moro

  3. The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

    Antonella Macerollo

  4. School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Antonella Macerollo

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  1. Sara Meoni
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E.M. and S.M. conceived the paper. All authors contributed to the literature search and to the writing. S.M. designed the figures. E.M. provided guidance for specific areas of competence and the overall manuscript outline.

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Correspondence to Elena Moro.

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Competing interests

E.M. has received honoraria for lecturing from Medtronic and for acting as a consultant from Medtronic and Newronika. She has received research grants from Merz and educational grants from Boston, Homeperf and LVL. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Meoni, S., Macerollo, A. & Moro, E. Sex differences in movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 16, 84–96 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0294-x

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