Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Spatial proteomics: a powerful discovery tool for cell biology

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology volume 20, pages 285–302 (2019)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Protein subcellular localization is tightly controlled and intimately linked to protein function in health and disease. Capturing the spatial proteome — that is, the localizations of proteins and their dynamics at the subcellular level — is therefore essential for a complete understanding of cell biology. Owing to substantial advances in microscopy, mass spectrometry and machine learning applications for data analysis, the field is now mature for proteome-wide investigations of spatial cellular regulation. Studies of the human proteome have begun to reveal a complex architecture, including single-cell variations, dynamic protein translocations, changing interaction networks and proteins localizing to multiple compartments. Furthermore, several studies have successfully harnessed the power of comparative spatial proteomics as a discovery tool to unravel disease mechanisms. We are at the beginning of an era in which spatial proteomics finally integrates with cell biology and medical research, thereby paving the way for unbiased systems-level insights into cellular processes. Here, we discuss current methods for spatial proteomics using imaging or mass spectrometry and specifically highlight global comparative applications. The aim of this Review is to survey the state of the field and also to encourage more cell biologists to apply spatial proteomics approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Spatial proteomics by MS analysis of fractionated organelles.
Fig. 2: Spatial proteomics through interaction networks.
Fig. 3: Different approaches to imaging-based spatial proteomics.
Fig. 4: MS-based comparative spatial proteomics: example applications.
Fig. 5: Imaging-based comparative spatial proteomics: example applications.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mitrea, D. M. & Kriwacki, R. W. Phase separation in biology; functional organization of a higher order. Cell Commun. Signal 14, 1 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Wheeler, R. J. & Hyman, A. A. Controlling compartmentalization by non-membrane-bound organelles. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 373, 20170193 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Bauer, N. C., Doetsch, P. W. & Corbett, A. H. Mechanisms regulating protein localization. Traffic 16, 1039–1061 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Guardia, C. M., De Pace, R., Mattera, R. & Bonifacino, J. S. Neuronal functions of adaptor complexes involved in protein sorting. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 51, 103–110 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Banworth, M. J. & Li, G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 9, 158–181 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bridges, R. J. & Bradbury, N. A. Cystic fibrosis, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and drugs: insights from cellular trafficking. Handb Exp. Pharmacol. 245, 385–425 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Meyer, K. et al. Mutations in disordered regions can cause disease by creating dileucine motifs. Cell 175, 239–253 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mattiazzi Usaj, M. et al. High-content screening for quantitative cell biology. Trends Cell Biol. 26, 598–611 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aebersold, R. & Mann, M. Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function. Nature 537, 347–355 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hosp, F. & Mann, M. A primer on concepts and applications of proteomics in neuroscience. Neuron 96, 558–571 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Larance, M. & Lamond, A. I. Multidimensional proteomics for cell biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 269–280 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Breker, M. & Schuldiner, M. The emergence of proteome-wide technologies: systematic analysis of proteins comes of age. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 453–464 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim, D. I. & Roux, K. J. Filling the void: proximity-based labeling of proteins in living cells. Trends Cell Biol. 26, 804–817 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Lonn, P. & Landegren, U. Close encounters - probing proximal proteins in live or fixed cells. Trends Biochem. Sci. 42, 504–515 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sullivan, D. P. et al. Deep learning is combined with massive-scale citizen science to improve large-scale image classification. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 820–828 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. & Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 521, 436–444 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tyanova, S. et al. The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data. Nat. Methods 13, 731–740 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wilhelm, M. et al. Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome. Nature 509, 582–587 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chong, Y. T. et al. Yeast proteome dynamics from single cell imaging and automated analysis. Cell 162, 1413–1424 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Itzhak, D. N. et al. A mass spectrometry-based approach for mapping protein subcellular localization reveals the spatial proteome of mouse primary neurons. Cell Rep. 20, 2706–2718 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Itzhak, D. N., Tyanova, S., Cox, J. & Borner, G. H. Global, quantitative and dynamic mapping of protein subcellular localization. eLife 5, e16950 (2016). This study presents the first demonstration that MS-based organellar maps of the cell can be used as an unbiased discovery tool, exemplified by EGF signalling. The study also includes a detailed description of how to generate maps and a database of the subcellular localization and copy number information for 8,700 human proteins.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Walther, N. et al. A quantitative map of human Condensins provides new insights into mitotic chromosome architecture. J. Cell Biol. 217, 2309–2328 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Ma, J. et al. Using deep learning to model the hierarchical structure and function of a cell. Nat. Methods 15, 290–298 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Jean Beltran, P. M., Mathias, R. A. & Cristea, I. M. A portrait of the human organelle proteome in space and time during cytomegalovirus infection. Cell Syst. 3, 361–373 (2016). This is the first study to charter the dynamics of a spatial proteome by MS over time during viral infection (with HCMV), revealing new insights into the interplay between the virus and the host cell.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Krahmer, N. et al. Organellar proteomics and phospho-proteomics reveal subcellular reorganization in diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Dev. Cell 47, 205–221 (2018). This is the first application of comparative MS-based organellar mapping to a mammalian tissue, the mouse liver. Organellar rearrangements caused by a high-fat diet were captured, providing a holistic view of the pathological changes during hepatic steatosis.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Davies, A. K. et al. AP-4 vesicles contribute to spatial control of autophagy via RUSC-dependent peripheral delivery of ATG9A. Nat. Commun. 9, 3958 (2018). This is the first example of how MS-based organellar maps of the cell can be used to pinpoint the molecular basis of a genetic disorder, in this case the neurodegenerative AP-4 deficiency syndrome.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hirst, J., Itzhak, D. N., Antrobus, R., Borner, G. H. H. & Robinson, M. S. Role of the AP-5 adaptor protein complex in late endosome-to-Golgi retrieval. PLOS Biol. 16, e2004411 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Uhlen, M. et al. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347, 1260419 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sharma, K. et al. Cell type- and brain region-resolved mouse brain proteome. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1819–1831 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Doll, S. et al. Region and cell-type resolved quantitative proteomic map of the human heart. Nat. Commun. 8, 1469 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Takamori, S. et al. Molecular anatomy of a trafficking organelle. Cell 127, 831–846 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tharkeshwar, A. K., Gevaert, K. & Annaert, W. Organellar omics-a reviving strategy to untangle the biomolecular complexity of the cell. Proteomics 18, e1700113 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. De Duve, C. Principles of tissue fractionation. J. Theor. Biol. 6, 33–59 (1964).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Andersen, J. S. et al. Proteomic characterization of the human centrosome by protein correlation profiling. Nature 426, 570–574 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Krahmer, N. et al. Protein correlation profiles identify lipid droplet proteins with high confidence. Mol. Cell Proteom. 12, 1115–1126 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Harner, M. et al. The mitochondrial contact site complex, a determinant of mitochondrial architecture. EMBO J. 30, 4356–4370 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Morgenstern, M. et al. Definition of a high-confidence mitochondrial proteome at quantitative scale. Cell Rep. 19, 2836–2852 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Wyant, G. A. et al. NUFIP1 is a ribosome receptor for starvation-induced ribophagy. Science 360, 751–758 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Borner, G. H. et al. Multivariate proteomic profiling identifies novel accessory proteins of coated vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 197, 141–160 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Borner, G. H. et al. Fractionation profiling: a fast and versatile approach for mapping vesicle proteomes and protein-protein interactions. Mol. Biol. Cell 25, 3178–3194 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Wuhr, M. et al. The nuclear proteome of a vertebrate. Curr. Biol. 25, 2663–2671 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Weekes, M. P. et al. Quantitative temporal viromics: an approach to investigate host-pathogen interaction. Cell 157, 1460–1472 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Peikert, C. D. et al. Charting organellar importomes by quantitative mass spectrometry. Nat. Commun. 8, 15272 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Gatto, L. et al. A foundation for reliable spatial proteomics data analysis. Mol. Cell Proteom. 13, 1937–1952 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lund-Johansen, F. et al. MetaMass, a tool for meta-analysis of subcellular proteomics data. Nat. Methods 13, 837–840 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Breckels, L. M. et al. The effect of organelle discovery upon sub-cellular protein localisation. J. Proteom. 88, 129–140 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Christoforou, A. et al. A draft map of the mouse pluripotent stem cell spatial proteome. Nat. Commun. 7, 8992 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dunkley, T. P., Watson, R., Griffin, J. L., Dupree, P. & Lilley, K. S. Localization of organelle proteins by isotope tagging (LOPIT). Mol. Cell Proteom. 3, 1128–1134 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gilchrist, A. et al. Quantitative proteomics analysis of the secretory pathway. Cell 127, 1265–1281 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jadot, M. et al. Accounting for protein subcellular localization: a compartmental map of the rat liver proteome. Mol. Cell Proteom. 16, 194–212 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mardakheh, F. K. et al. Proteomics profiling of interactome dynamics by colocalisation analysis (COLA). Mol. Biosyst. 13, 92–105 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Thul, P. J. et al. A subcellular map of the human proteome. Science 356, eaal3321 (2017). This study presents the first near proteome-wide spatial map of human cells, at unprecedented resolution in terms of the number of organelles and structures that were mapped, which represents the Cell Atlas component of the HPA. This study provides localization data for more than 12,000 human proteins and revealed a very high number of multilocalizing proteins and a considerable level of single-cell variability.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hein, M. Y. et al. A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 163, 712–723 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Huttlin, E. L. et al. Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 545, 505–509 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Mackinder, L. C. M. et al. A spatial interactome reveals the protein organization of the algal CO2-concentrating mechanism. Cell 171, 133–147 (2017). This is an example of how AP–MS interaction networks can be used in conjunction with imaging to obtain a high-resolution architectural map of a subcellular compartment, the algal pyrenoid.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Branon, T. C. et al. Efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms with TurboID. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 880–887 (2018). This study reports on the latest generation of enzymes for proximity labelling, which can be applied for spatial protein interaction mapping in cultured cells and also in vivo, as demonstrated for flies and worms.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Hung, V. et al. Proteomic mapping of the human mitochondrial intermembrane space in live cells via ratiometric APEX tagging. Mol. Cell 55, 332–341 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Rhee, H. W. et al. Proteomic mapping of mitochondria in living cells via spatially restricted enzymatic tagging. Science 339, 1328–1331 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Youn, J. Y. et al. High-density proximity mapping reveals the subcellular organization of mRNA-associated granules and bodies. Mol. Cell 69, 517–532 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gupta, G. D. et al. A dynamic protein interaction landscape of the human centrosome-cilium interface. Cell 163, 1484–1499 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Han, S., Li, J. & Ting, A. Y. Proximity labeling: spatially resolved proteomic mapping for neurobiology. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 50, 17–23 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Liu, X. et al. An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nat. Commun. 9, 1188 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Lobingier, B. T. et al. An approach to spatiotemporally resolve protein interaction networks in living cells. Cell 169, 350–360 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Paek, J. et al. Multidimensional tracking of GPCR signaling via peroxidase-catalyzed proximity labeling. Cell 169, 338–349 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Huh, W. K. et al. Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast. Nature 425, 686–691 (2003). This study presents the first proteome-wide spatial map of a eukaryotic cell, and revolutionized yeast biology. The yeast library created as part of this work has been used to study, for example, the proteome response to perturbations, single-cell variability, stochasticity and noise in gene expression.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sigal, A. et al. Variability and memory of protein levels in human cells. Nature 444, 643–646 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Breker, M., Gymrek, M. & Schuldiner, M. A novel single-cell screening platform reveals proteome plasticity during yeast stress responses. J. Cell Biol. 200, 839–850 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Lu, A. X. et al. Integrating images from multiple microscopy screens reveals diverse patterns of change in the subcellular localization of proteins. eLife 7, e31872 (2018). This study reports a meta-analysis of 24 imaging-based yeast screens using unsupervised computational image analysis. Specific and general spatial relocalization responses to various environmental perturbations are identified. Importantly, this study shows that the proportion of the proteome that relocalizes is similar to the proportion showing changes in abundance and that these two responses constitute independent layers of cellular regulation.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Balazsi, G., van Oudenaarden, A. & Collins, J. J. Cellular decision making and biological noise: from microbes to mammals. Cell 144, 910–925 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Rubakhin, S. S., Lanni, E. J. & Sweedler, J. V. Progress toward single cell metabolomics. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 24, 95–104 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Narayanaswamy, R. et al. Widespread reorganization of metabolic enzymes into reversible assemblies upon nutrient starvation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10147–10152 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Shaffer, S. M. et al. Rare cell variability and drug-induced reprogramming as a mode of cancer drug resistance. Nature 546, 431–435 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Denervaud, N. et al. A chemostat array enables the spatio-temporal analysis of the yeast proteome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15842–15847 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Tkach, J. M. et al. Dissecting DNA damage response pathways by analysing protein localization and abundance changes during DNA replication stress. Nat. Cell Biol. 14, 966–976 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Torres, N. P., Ho, B. & Brown, G. W. High-throughput fluorescence microscopic analysis of protein abundance and localization in budding yeast. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 51, 110–119 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Coons, A. H., Creech, H. J., Jones, R. N. & Berliner, E. The demonstration of pneumococcal antigen in tissues by the use of fluorescent antibody. J. Immunol. 45, 159–170 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lazarides, E. & Weber, K. Actin antibody: the specific visualization of actin filaments in non-muscle cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2268–2272 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Schnell, U., Dijk, F., Sjollema, K. A. & Giepmans, B. N. Immunolabeling artifacts and the need for live-cell imaging. Nat. Methods 9, 152–158 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Stadler, C., Skogs, M., Brismar, H., Uhlen, M. & Lundberg, E. A single fixation protocol for proteome-wide immunofluorescence localization studies. J. Proteom. 73, 1067–1078 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Simeon, R. & Chen, Z. In vitro-engineered non-antibody protein therapeutics. Protein Cell 9, 3–14 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Stadler, C. et al. Immunofluorescence and fluorescent-protein tagging show high correlation for protein localization in mammalian cells. Nat. Methods 10, 315–323 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Baker, M. Reproducibility crisis: blame it on the antibodies. Nature 521, 274–276 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Uhlen, M. et al. A proposal for validation of antibodies. Nat. Methods 13, 823–827 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Bandrowski, A. et al. The Resource Identification Initiative: a cultural shift in publishing. F1000Res 4, 134 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Uhlen, M. et al. Towards a knowledge-based Human Protein Atlas. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1248–1250 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Uhlen, M. et al. A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome. Science 357, eaan2507 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Nilsson, P. et al. Towards a human proteome atlas: high-throughput generation of mono-specific antibodies for tissue profiling. Proteomics 5, 4327–4337 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Uhlen, M. et al. A human protein atlas for normal and cancer tissues based on antibody proteomics. Mol. Cell Proteom. 4, 1920–1932 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Algenas, C. et al. Antibody performance in western blot applications is context-dependent. Biotechnol. J. 9, 435–445 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Skogs, M. et al. Antibody validation in bioimaging applications based on endogenous expression of tagged proteins. J. Proteome Res. 16, 147–155 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Stadler, C. et al. Systematic validation of antibody binding and protein subcellular localization using siRNA and confocal microscopy. J. Proteom. 75, 2236–2251 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Angelo, M. et al. Multiplexed ion beam imaging of human breast tumors. Nat. Med. 20, 436–442 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Bodenmiller, B. Multiplexed epitope-based tissue imaging for discovery and healthcare applications. Cell Syst. 2, 225–238 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Giesen, C. et al. Highly multiplexed imaging of tumor tissues with subcellular resolution by mass cytometry. Nat. Methods 11, 417–422 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Goltsev, Y. et al. Deep profiling of mouse splenic architecture with CODEX multiplex imaging. Cell 174, 968–981 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Gut, G., Herrmann, M. D. & Pelkmans, L. Multiplexed protein maps link subcellular organization to cellular states. Science 361, eaar7042 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Meurer, M. et al. Genome-wide C-SWAT library for high-throughput yeast genome tagging. Nat. Methods 15, 598–600 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Weill, U. et al. Genome-wide SWAp-Tag yeast libraries for proteome exploration. Nat. Methods 15, 617–622 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Weill, U. et al. Toolbox: creating a systematic database of secretory pathway proteins uncovers new cargo for COPI. Traffic 19, 370–379 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Breker, M., Gymrek, M., Moldavski, O. & Schuldiner, M. LoQAtE — Localization and Quantitation ATlas of the yeast proteomE. A new tool for multiparametric dissection of single-protein behavior in response to biological perturbations in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D726–D730 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Riffle, M. & Davis, T. N. The Yeast Resource Center Public Image Repository: a large database of fluorescence microscopy images. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 263 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Chuartzman, S. G. & Schuldiner, M. Database for High Throughput Screening Hits (dHITS): a simple tool to retrieve gene specific phenotypes from systematic screens done in yeast. Yeast 35, 477–483 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cherry, J. M. et al. Saccharomyces Genome Database: the genomics resource of budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D700–D705 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Koh, J. L. et al. CYCLoPs: a comprehensive database constructed from automated analysis of protein abundance and subcellular localization patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3 (Bethesda) 5, 1223–1232 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Dubreuil, B. et al. YeastRGB: comparing the abundance and localization of yeast proteins across cells and libraries. Nucleic Acids Res. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky941 (2018).

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Simpson, J. C., Wellenreuther, R., Poustka, A., Pepperkok, R. & Wiemann, S. Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. EMBO Rep. 1, 287–292 (2000).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Frenkel-Morgenstern, M. et al. Dynamic proteomics: a database for dynamics and localizations of endogenous fluorescently-tagged proteins in living human cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, D508–D512 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sigal, A. et al. Generation of a fluorescently labeled endogenous protein library in living human cells. Nat. Protoc. 2, 1515–1527 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sigal, A. et al. Dynamic proteomics in individual human cells uncovers widespread cell-cycle dependence of nuclear proteins. Nat. Methods 3, 525–531 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Cong, L. et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 339, 819–823 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Jinek, M. et al. RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. eLife 2, e00471 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Cho, W. K. et al. Super-resolution imaging of fluorescently labeled, endogenous RNA polymerase II in living cells with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Sci. Rep. 6, 35949 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Dambournet, D., Hong, S. H., Grassart, A. & Drubin, D. G. Tagging endogenous loci for live-cell fluorescence imaging and molecule counting using ZFNs, TALENs, and Cas9. Methods Enzymol. 546, 139–160 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Doyon, J. B. et al. Rapid and efficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis revealed in genome-edited mammalian cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 331–337 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Ratz, M., Testa, I., Hell, S. W. & Jakobs, S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous protein tagging for RESOLFT super-resolution microscopy of living human cells. Sci. Rep. 5, 9592 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Li-Kroeger, D. et al. An expanded toolkit for gene tagging based on MiMIC and scarless CRISPR tagging in Drosophila. eLife 7, e38709 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Merkle, F. T. et al. Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-mediated generation of knockin human pluripotent stem cells lacking undesired mutations at the targeted locus. Cell Rep. 11, 875–883 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Roberts, B. et al. Systematic gene tagging using CRISPR/Cas9 in human stem cells to illuminate cell organization. Mol. Biol. Cell 28, 2854–2874 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Feng, S. et al. Improved split fluorescent proteins for endogenous protein labeling. Nat. Commun. 8, 370 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Kamiyama, D. et al. Versatile protein tagging in cells with split fluorescent protein. Nat. Commun. 7, 11046 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Leonetti, M. D., Sekine, S., Kamiyama, D., Weissman, J. S. & Huang, B. A scalable strategy for high-throughput GFP tagging of endogenous human proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E3501–E3508 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Sahl, S. J., Hell, S. W. & Jakobs, S. Fluorescence nanoscopy in cell biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 685–701 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Monnich, M. et al. CEP128 localizes to the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole and regulates TGFβ/BMP signaling at the primary cilium. Cell Rep. 22, 2584–2592 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Jakobsen, L. et al. Novel asymmetrically localizing components of human centrosomes identified by complementary proteomics methods. EMBO J. 30, 1520–1535 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Caicedo, J. C. et al. Data-analysis strategies for image-based cell profiling. Nat. Methods 14, 849–863 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Coelho, L. P. et al. Determining the subcellular location of new proteins from microscope images using local features. Bioinformatics 29, 2343–2349 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Li, J., Newberg, J. Y., Uhlen, M., Lundberg, E. & Murphy, R. F. Automated analysis and reannotation of subcellular locations in confocal images from the Human Protein Atlas. PLOS ONE 7, e50514 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Li, J., Xiong, L., Schneider, J. & Murphy, R. F. Protein subcellular location pattern classification in cellular images using latent discriminative models. Bioinformatics 28, i32–i39 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Schmidhuber, J. Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Netw. 61, 85–117 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T. & Malik, J. in 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 580–587 (IEEE, 2014).

  131. He, K. M., Zhang, X. Y., Ren, S. Q. & Sun, J. in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 770–778 (IEEE, 2016).

  132. Parnamaa, T. & Parts, L. Accurate classification of protein subcellular localization from high-throughput microscopy images using deep learning. G3 (Bethesda) 7, 1385–1392 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Kraus, O. Z. et al. Automated analysis of high-content microscopy data with deep learning. Mol. Syst. Biol. 13, 924 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Kraus, O. Z., Ba, J. L. & Frey, B. J. Classifying and segmenting microscopy images with deep multiple instance learning. Bioinformatics 32, i52–i59 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Hughes, A. et al. Quanti.us: a tool for rapid, flexible, crowd-based annotation of images. Nat. Methods 15, 587–590 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. & Brox, T. in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2015 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Book Series) Vol. 9351 234–241 (Springer, 2015).

  137. Simon, A. A. et al. A probabilistic U-Net for segmentation of ambiguous images. Preprint at arXiv https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.05034 (2018).

  138. Christiansen, E. M. et al. In silico labeling: predicting fluorescent labels in unlabeled images. Cell 173, 792–803 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Ounkomol, C., Seshamani, S., Maleckar, M. M., Collman, F. & Johnson, G. R. Label-free prediction of three-dimensional fluorescence images from transmitted light microscopy. Nat. Methods 15, 917–920 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Ellenberg, J. et al. Public archives for biological image data. Preprint at arXiv https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.10189 (2018).

  141. Dunkley, T. P. et al. Mapping the Arabidopsis organelle proteome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6518–6523 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Foster, L. J. et al. A mammalian organelle map by protein correlation profiling. Cell 125, 187–199 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Mazumder, A., Pesudo, L. Q., McRee, S., Bathe, M. & Samson, L. D. Genome-wide single-cell-level screen for protein abundance and localization changes in response to DNA damage in S. cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 9310–9324 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Cai, Y. et al. Experimental and computational framework for a dynamic protein atlas of human cell division. Nature 561, 411–415 (2018). This is a seminal study that integrates imaging-based spatiotemporal protein mapping with absolute quantification to enable stoichiometric modelling of the spatial and temporal dynamics of cell division — this paper shows where the field is heading.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Politi, A. Z. et al. Quantitative mapping of fluorescently tagged cellular proteins using FCS-calibrated four-dimensional imaging. Nat. Protoc. 13, 1445–1464 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Larochelle, S. Tracking the proteome. Nat. Methods 13, 821–821 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lu, A. X. & Moses, A. M. An unsupervised kNN method to systematically detect changes in protein localization in high-throughput microscopy images. PLOS ONE 11, e0158712 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Nesvizhskii, A. I. Proteogenomics: concepts, applications and computational strategies. Nat. Methods 11, 1114–1125 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Queiroz, R. M. L. et al. Unbiased dynamic characterization of RNA-protein interactions by OOPS. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/333336 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Kaewsapsak, P., Shechner, D. M., Mallard, W., Rinn, J. L. & Ting, A. Y. Live-cell mapping of organelle-associated RNAs via proximity biotinylation combined with protein-RNA crosslinking. eLife 6, e29224 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Fazal, F. M. et al. Atlas of subcellular RNA localization revealed by APEX-seq. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/454470 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Regev, A. et al. The Human Cell Atlas. eLife 6, e27041 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Jeffery, C. J. Moonlighting proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 8–11 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Jeffery, C. J. Why study moonlighting proteins? Front. Genet. 6, 211 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Jeffery, C. J. Protein species and moonlighting proteins: very small changes in a protein’s covalent structure can change its biochemical function. J. Proteom. 134, 19–24 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Franco-Serrano, L. et al. MultitaskProtDB-II: an update of a database of multitasking/moonlighting proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 46, D645–D648 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Chen, C., Zabad, S., Liu, H. P., Wang, F. & Jeffery, C. MoonProt 2.0: an expansion and update of the moonlighting proteins database. Nucleic Acids Res. 46, D640–D644 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Chapple, C. E. et al. Extreme multifunctional proteins identified from a human protein interaction network. Nat. Commun. 6, 7412 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Khan, I. K., Bhuiyan, M. & Kihara, D. DextMP: deep dive into text for predicting moonlighting proteins. Bioinformatics 33, i83–i91 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Smith, L. M. & Kelleher, N. L. & The Consortium for Top Down Proteomics. Proteoform: a single term describing protein complexity. Nat. Methods 10, 186–187 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. The UniProt Consortium. UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase. Nucleic Acids Res. 46, 2699 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Wang, E. T. et al. Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes. Nature 456, 470–476 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Ponomarenko, E. A. et al. The size of the human proteome: the width and depth. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2016, 7436849 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Skinner, O. S. et al. Top-down characterization of endogenous protein complexes with native proteomics. Nat. Chem. Biol. 14, 36–41 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Aebersold, R. et al. How many human proteoforms are there? Nat. Chem. Biol. 14, 206–214 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Yang, X. et al. Widespread expansion of protein interaction capabilities by alternative splicing. Cell 164, 805–817 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Zhu, Y. et al. Nanodroplet processing platform for deep and quantitative proteome profiling of 10–100 mammalian cells. Nat. Commun. 9, 882 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

E.L. acknowledges funding from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation (KAW 2016.0204), the Swedish Research Council (2017-05327) and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (173965 (5022)). G.H.H.B. received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG/Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize MA 1764/2-1) and the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science.

Reviewer information

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology thanks G. W. Brown and other anonymous reviewer(s), for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Emma Lundberg

    Present address: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

  2. Emma Lundberg

    Present address: Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Emma Lundberg

  2. Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Martinsried, Germany

    Georg H. H. Borner

Authors
  1. Emma Lundberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Georg H. H. Borner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Both authors contributed equally to all aspects of preparing the article (researching data for the article, substantial contributions to the discussion of the content and writing, reviewing and editing of the manuscript before submission).

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Emma Lundberg or Georg H. H. Borner.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Related links

HeLa Spatial Proteome: www.mapofthecell.org

Human Protein Atlas (HPA): www.proteinatlas.org

Obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): http://nafld-organellemap.org/

SpatialMap: http://spatialmap.org/

Supplementary information

Glossary

Dynamic protein translocation

Translocation describes the movement of a protein between cellular compartments. Dynamic translocation refers to a constant change in translocation activity.

Multimodal organellar distribution

Refers to the distribution of proteins that simultaneously localize to multiple compartments within a cell.

Affinity reagents

Molecules, such as an antibody, protein, peptide or nucleic acid, that bind specifically to a target protein to enable the identification, visualization, capture or modulation of the target protein or its activity.

Tandem mass tag multiplexing

A strategy for quantitative proteomic analyses. Peptides from multiple samples are labelled with different mass tags, pooled and analysed as a single sample by mass spectrometry. The tags can be distinguished by their mass and thus enable the simultaneous, relative quantification of peptide and protein abundances across several samples.

Segmentation

Describes the process of partitioning a digital image into segments that represent, for example, a cell or a nucleus.

Citizen science

Public participation in scientific research.

Tagged yeast libraries

Genome-wide libraries of yeast cells, each expressing a protein fused to a fluorescent reporter protein (such as GFP).

Proteogenomics

Integration of proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics for the discovery and identification of peptides using mass spectrometry. Practically, DNA or RNA sequence information is used to provide an experiment-specific or cell-type-specific tailored database for proteomic protein identification rather than a generic organism-specific database.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lundberg, E., Borner, G.H.H. Spatial proteomics: a powerful discovery tool for cell biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20, 285–302 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0094-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0094-y

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing: Translational Research

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma.

Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research