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Tunable moiré materials for probing Berry physics and topology

Nature Reviews Materials volume 9, pages 481–498 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Berry curvature physics and quantum geometric effects have been instrumental in advancing topological condensed matter physics in recent decades. Although Landau level-based flat bands and conventional 3D solids have been pivotal in exploring rich topological phenomena, they are constrained by their limited ability to undergo dynamic tuning. By stark contrast, moiré systems have risen as a versatile platform for engineering bands and manipulating the distribution of Berry curvature in momentum space. These moiré systems not only harbour tunable topological bands, modifiable through a plethora of parameters, but also provide unprecedented access to large length scales and low energy scales. Furthermore, they offer unique opportunities stemming from the symmetry-breaking mechanisms and electron correlations associated with the underlying flat bands that are beyond the reach of conventional crystalline solids. A diverse array of tools, encompassing quantum electron transport in both linear and nonlinear response regimes and optical excitation techniques, provide direct avenues for investigating Berry physics in these materials. This Review navigates the evolving landscape of tunable moiré materials, highlighting recent experimental breakthroughs in the field of topological physics. Additionally, we delineate the most pressing challenges and offer insights into promising avenues for future research.

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Fig. 1: Berry physics in moiré systems.
Fig. 2: Symmetry breaking in moiré superlattices.
Fig. 3: Valley Hall effect probed in electron transport.
Fig. 4: Quantum valley Hall effect.
Fig. 5: Quantum anomalous Hall effect.
Fig. 6: Nonlinear Hall effect.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank J. Sarkar, A. Mukherjee, K. Maji, S. Layek, A. Basu, U. Chandni, B. Datta, J. Song, J. K. Jain, A. Chakraborty, K. Das and P. Yadav for the discussions. M.M.D. acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of India for the J.C. Bose fellowship JCB/2022/000045, Nanomission grant SR/NM/NS45/2016, and DST SUPRA grant SPR/2019/001247 along with the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India 12-R&D-TFR-5.10-0100 for the support. A.A. thanks the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India for project number DST/NM/TUE/QM-6/2019(G)-IIT Kanpur, for the financial support. P.C.A. acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation under grant number OMA-2328993.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Pratap Chandra Adak, Subhajit Sinha.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India

    Pratap Chandra Adak, Subhajit Sinha & Mandar M. Deshmukh

  2. Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Pratap Chandra Adak

  3. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

    Amit Agarwal

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Adak, P.C., Sinha, S., Agarwal, A. et al. Tunable moiré materials for probing Berry physics and topology. Nat Rev Mater 9, 481–498 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00671-4

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