Abstract
The integration of functional nanomaterials and heterostructures with photonic architectures has laid the foundation for important photonic and optoelectronic applications. The advent of epitaxy and layer lift-off techniques has enabled a wide spectrum of two-dimensional materials and three-dimensional single-crystalline freestanding thin films with diverse optical functionalities, featuring van der Waals (vdW) interfaces suitable for photonic vdW integration. Physical assembly leveraging vdW interactions eliminates the constraints of epitaxial lattice-matching, introducing unprecedented freedom to combine dissimilar materials with appealing optoelectronic properties but radically distinct crystal structures. Various prefabricated vdW building blocks can be combined in novel hetero-integrated photonic architectures and hybrid vdW heterostructures to prototype new devices and explore exotic nanophotonic phenomena at mixed-dimensional vdW interfaces. The ultrathin nature of these freestanding nanomembranes also enables flexible and lightweight photonic devices for low-cost wearable and multifunctional health-care applications. In this Review, we survey the recent progress in photonic nanomembranes with vdW interfaces, discussing a broad range of delaminated freestanding nanomembranes from film preparation to device implementation. We also analyse the remaining challenges and highlight emerging opportunities for advanced vdW hetero-integration.
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Acknowledgements
S.-H.B. thanks the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IMSE), Washington University in St Louis, for support. C.-W.Q. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation Singapore (CRP26-2021-0004). D.-H.K. thanks support from Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE) (P0017305, Human Resource Development Program for Industrial Innovation (Global)).
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Y.M., J.F., S.H., Z.X., T.Z., W.M., Y.Z., J.S.K., I.R., D.-H.K., C.-W.Q. and S.-H.B. researched data for the article. Y.M., J.F., S.-H.B., C.-W.Q. and L.Y. contributed substantially to discussion of the content. Y.M., J.F., S.-H.B., C.-W.Q., L.Y., J.-W.L., S.H., Z.X. and W.M. wrote the article. Y.M., S.-H.B., C.-W.Q., L.Y., J.-W.L. and Y.Y. reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.
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Meng, Y., Feng, J., Han, S. et al. Photonic van der Waals integration from 2D materials to 3D nanomembranes. Nat Rev Mater 8, 498–517 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00558-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00558-w
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