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Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules

Nature Reviews Materials volume 5, pages 333–350 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Since the report in 2012 of a solid-state perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.7% and a stability of 500 h, intensive efforts have been made to increase the certified PCE, reaching 25.2% in 2019. The PCE of PSCs now exceeds that of conventional thin-film solar-cell technologies, and the rate at which this increase has been achieved is unprecedented in the history of photovoltaics. Moreover, the development of moisture-stable and heat-stable materials has increased the stability of PSCs. Small-area devices (<1 cm2) are typically fabricated using a spin-coating method; however, this approach may not be suitable for the preparation of the large-area (>100 cm2) substrates required for commercialization. Thus, materials and methods need to be developed for coating large-area PSCs. In this Review, we discuss solution-based and vapour-phase coating methods for the fabrication of large-area perovskite films, examine the progress in performance and the parameters affecting the properties of large-area coatings, and provide an overview of the methodologies for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar modules.

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Fig. 1: Performance of perovskite solar cells.
Fig. 2: Antisolvent engineering and Lewis acid–base adduct methods.
Fig. 3: Cluster-containing precursor solutions for D-bar coating large-area MAPbI3 films.
Fig. 4: Pressure-processing method for large-area perovskite coatings.
Fig. 5: Blade coating of large-area MAPbI3 films.
Fig. 6: Slot-die coating process.
Fig. 7: Spray coating of perovskite films.
Fig. 8: Stamping and vacuum-deposition methods.
Fig. 9: Perovskite solar modules.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea under contracts NRF-2012M3A6A7054861 (Global Frontier R&D Program on Center for Multiscale Energy System), NRF-2016M3D1A1027663 and NRF-2016M3D1A1027664 (Future Materials Discovery Program), and NRF-2015M1A2A2053004 (Climate Change Management Program). The work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the manager and operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. K.Z. acknowledges support from the De-risking Halide Perovskite Solar Cells program of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the US DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the US DOE or the US Government.

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  1. School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

    Nam-Gyu Park

  2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA

    Kai Zhu

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Park, NG., Zhu, K. Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules. Nat Rev Mater 5, 333–350 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0176-2

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