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Crystal engineering with DNA

Nature Reviews Materials volume 4, pages 201–224 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

This Review chronicles over two decades of research into creating a genetic code for crystal engineering. Rather than directing biological processes, this code uses synthetic forms of DNA to programme the assembly of nanoparticles and microparticles into 1D, 2D and 3D crystalline architectures, in which almost every aspect of the resultant structures can be systematically controlled. Within this conceptual framework, the structural and functional advances are described in an effort to define the present level of sophistication and to predict future directions of the platform. These advances include exotic structures with programmable lattice symmetries and well-defined crystal habits, responsive materials that leverage the intrinsic properties of nucleic acids to manipulate structures on demand, nanoparticle superlattices grown epitaxially from surfaces and colloidal crystals that offer insights into light–matter interactions. Looking forward, we challenge the community to leverage the extraordinary structural control afforded by crystal engineering with DNA to synthesize classes of functional materials that push beyond what has been possible with naturally occurring crystalline materials or those made by more conventional strategies.

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Fig. 1: Schematic of crystal formation from building blocks composed of a particle core and a shell of DNA ligands attached to the particle surface.
Fig. 2: Three DNA designs that are predominately used for crystal engineering.
Fig. 3: A library of lattice symmetries can be accessed by changing the particle core and DNA shell.
Fig. 4: Building blocks with different shapes and surface chemistries direct the formation of distinct crystal symmetries.
Fig. 5: The ability to realize defined crystal habits is dependent on the symmetry engineering approach.
Fig. 6: Building block anisotropy can be achieved with dense or discrete DNA interactions.
Fig. 7: A template-directed approach can control the placement of building blocks on a surface in the formation of complex structures.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research Award FA9550-17-1-0348 and the Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award # DE-SC0000989. C.R.L. and M.N.O. acknowledge the US National Science Foundation (NSF) for Graduate Research Fellowships. C.R.L. is grateful to Northwestern University’s International Institute for Nanotechnology for a Ryan Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Christine R. Laramy

  2. International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Christine R. Laramy, Matthew N. O’Brien & Chad A. Mirkin

  3. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Matthew N. O’Brien & Chad A. Mirkin

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  1. Christine R. Laramy
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C.R.L., M.N.O. and C.A.M. developed the concepts and focus of the Review and translated the ideas to text.

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Correspondence to Chad A. Mirkin.

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Laramy, C.R., O’Brien, M.N. & Mirkin, C.A. Crystal engineering with DNA. Nat Rev Mater 4, 201–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0087-2

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