Abstract
Liquid cell electron microscopy possesses a combination of spatial and temporal resolution that provides a unique view of static structures and dynamic processes in liquids. Optimizing the resolution in liquids requires consideration of both the microscope performance and the properties of the sample. In this Review, we survey the competing factors that determine spatial and temporal resolution for transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy of liquids. We discuss the effects of sample thickness, stability and dose sensitivity on spatial and temporal resolution. We show that for some liquid samples, spatial resolution can be improved by spherical and chromatic aberration correction. However, other benefits offered by aberration correction may be even more useful for liquid samples. We consider the greater image interpretability offered by spherical aberration correction and the improved dose efficiency for thicker samples offered by chromatic aberration correction. Finally, we discuss the importance of detector and sample parameters for higher resolution in future experiments.
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Acknowledgements
N.dJ. acknowledges H. Demers, T. Dahmen, M. Elbaum, D. Peckys and S. Wolf for discussions, a fellowship of the Visiting Faculty Program of the Weizmann Institute and E. Arzt for his support through the Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM). L.H. and R.E.D.-B. are grateful to M. Luysberg, J. Barthel, A. Thust, K. Urban, S. Mi, C. Boothroyd, A. Kovács, J. Mayer, L. Allen, B. Forbes, J. Jinschek, J.-P. Baudoin, L. Cervera Gontard, D. Ozkaya, T. Hansen and M. Bar Sadan for discussions. F.M.R. acknowledges J.H. Park, N. Browning, S.W. Chee, J. Evans, D. Muller, R. Tromp and J. Hannon for helpful discussions.
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All authors contributed to the discussion of content and researched data for the article. R.E.D.-B. and L.H. wrote the section on aberration correction. N.dJ. and F.M.R. wrote the sections on spatial and temporal resolution. All authors edited the article prior to submission.
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de Jonge, N., Houben, L., Dunin-Borkowski, R.E. et al. Resolution and aberration correction in liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Nat Rev Mater 4, 61–78 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0071-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0071-2
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