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  • Review Article
  • Published:

Synthesis and applications of anisotropic nanoparticles with precisely defined dimensions

Nature Reviews Chemistry volume 5, pages 21–45 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Shape and size play powerful roles in determining the properties of a material; controlling these aspects with precision is therefore an important, fundamental goal of the chemical sciences. In particular, the introduction of shape anisotropy at the nanoscale has emerged as a potent way to access new properties and functionality, enabling the exploration of complex nanomaterials across a range of applications. Recent advances in DNA and protein nanotechnology, inorganic crystallization techniques, and precision polymer self-assembly are now enabling unprecedented control over the synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles with a variety of shapes, encompassing one-dimensional rods, dumbbells and wires, two-dimensional and three-dimensional platelets, rings, polyhedra, stars, and more. This has, in turn, enabled much progress to be made in our understanding of how anisotropy and particle dimensions can be tuned to produce materials with unique and optimized properties. In this Review, we bring these recent developments together to critically appraise the different methods for the bottom-up synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles enabling exquisite control over morphology and dimensions. We highlight the unique properties of these materials in arenas as diverse as electron transport and biological processing, illustrating how they can be leveraged to produce devices and materials with otherwise inaccessible functionality. By making size and shape our focus, we aim to identify potential synergies between different disciplines and produce a road map for future research in this crucial area.

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Fig. 1: Controlled crystallization for anisotropic nanoparticles.
Fig. 2: Seeded growth of well-defined anisotropic nanostructures by crystallization-driven self-assembly.
Fig. 3: Programmed assembly for the synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles.
Fig. 4: Approaches to the templated assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles.
Fig. 5: Exploiting precise dimensional control to enable advanced therapeutic applications.
Fig. 6: Control of optical properties.
Fig. 7: Advanced electronic materials realized by controlled anisotropic nanoparticle growth.
Fig. 8: Catalytic and magnetic properties of anisotropic nanoparticles.
Fig. 9: Modulating fluid properties using anisotropic nanoparticles.
Fig. 10: The effects of particle anisotropy on biological processing.
Fig. 11: A road map for future research on the synthesis, properties and applications of precision anisotropic nanoparticles.

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Acknowledgements

R.K.O.is supported by EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 (grant 615142).

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  1. School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

    Amanda K. Pearce, Thomas R. Wilks, Maria C. Arno & Rachel K. O’Reilly

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Pearce, A.K., Wilks, T.R., Arno, M.C. et al. Synthesis and applications of anisotropic nanoparticles with precisely defined dimensions. Nat Rev Chem 5, 21–45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-00232-7

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