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Biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microbial cells and bacteriophages

Nature Reviews Chemistry volume 4, pages 638–656 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Inorganic nanomaterials are widely used in chemical, electronics, photonics, energy and medical industries. Preparing a nanomaterial (NM) typically requires physical and/or chemical methods that involve harsh and environmentally hazardous conditions. Recently, wild-type and genetically engineered microorganisms have been harnessed for the biosynthesis of inorganic NMs under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. Microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi and bacteria, as well as bacteriophages, can be used as biofactories to produce single-element and multi-element inorganic NMs. This Review describes the emerging area of inorganic NM biosynthesis, emphasizing the mechanisms of inorganic-ion reduction and detoxification, while also highlighting the proteins and peptides involved. We show how analysing a Pourbaix diagram can help us devise strategies for the predictive biosynthesis of NMs with high producibility and crystallinity and also describe how to control the size and morphology of the product. Here, we survey biosynthetic inorganic NMs of 55 elements and their applications in catalysis, energy harvesting and storage, electronics, antimicrobials and biomedical therapy. Furthermore, a step-by-step flow chart is presented to aid the design and biosynthesis of inorganic NMs employing microbial cells. Future research in this area will add to the diversity of available inorganic NMs but should also address scalability and purity.

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Fig. 1: Single-element and two-element map of inorganic nanomaterials synthesized using microbial cells and bacteriophages.
Fig. 2: Inorganic-nanomaterial synthesis in microbial cells and bacteriophages.
Fig. 3: Inorganic-nanomaterial biosynthesis using genetically engineered bacterial cells and M13 bacteriophage.
Fig. 4: Strategies for controlling the size of a biosynthetic inorganic nanomaterial.
Fig. 5: Inorganic nanomaterials in chemical production, energy harvesting and storage components, electronics, antimicrobial agents and drug delivery.
Fig. 6: How to develop a strategy for inorganic-nanomaterial synthesis using microbial cells or bacteriophages.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes on Systems Metabolic Engineering for Biorefineries from the Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2012M1A2A2026556 and NRF-2012M1A2A2026557).

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  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Yoojin Choi & Sang Yup Lee

  2. Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

    Yoojin Choi & Sang Yup Lee

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S.Y.L. and Y.C. designed the content and flow of the paper. Y.C. collected the necessary information and data. Y.C. and S.Y.L. wrote the paper together.

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Choi, Y., Lee, S.Y. Biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microbial cells and bacteriophages. Nat Rev Chem 4, 638–656 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-00221-w

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