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  • Review Article
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Mitral valve regurgitation: a disease with a wide spectrum of therapeutic options

Nature Reviews Cardiology volume 17, pages 807–827 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Over the past two decades interest in mitral valve regurgitation has increased as a result of the development of new technologies that have expanded the number of patients who can potentially benefit from mitral regurgitation treatments. To develop new devices for the treatment of mitral regurgitation, the focus has been placed on the functional anatomy and pathophysiology of the mitral valve, with the use of the most advanced methods of cardiac imaging that allow the best visualization of the mitral valve and a perfect understanding of the complexity of a specific disease. Mitral regurgitation is still underdiagnosed and undertreated in a substantial number of patients who have poor survival. Therefore, the priority should be to identify and treat these patients to increase their survival and quality of life. To achieve this goal, general physicians and cardiologists must be aware of all the treatment options that are currently available in dedicated centres of excellence. Patients referred to these centres can benefit from a tailored heart team-based approach. The aim of this Review is to analyse the basic principles of mitral regurgitation, discussing new concepts on the pathophysiology of the mitral valve that have been developed to facilitate the selection of patients for transcatheter procedures. We also describe the indications and timing of treatment, contemporary surgical and transcatheter techniques and the heart team approach, and highlight the need for centres of excellence.

Key points

  • Mitral regurgitation has generated growing interest over the past 20 years; nevertheless, mitral regurgitation is still underdiagnosed and undertreated in a large number of patients who have poor survival and quality of life.

  • Given the different aetiologies, lesions and pathophysiology underlying mitral regurgitation, a proper understanding of the characteristics of the disease is mandatory to plan the correct treatment.

  • The availability of novel and sophisticated multimodality imaging allows an accurate evaluation of the mitral valve complex, guiding the diagnosis, timing of intervention and treatment with surgical techniques or percutaneous technologies.

  • Surgical mitral valve repair is the gold-standard treatment in severe primary (mainly degenerative) mitral regurgitation, with excellent durability and restoration of normal life expectancy and good quality of life.

  • In secondary mitral regurgitation, the heart team should identify patients who are likely to benefit from treatment, given that a benefit has been demonstrated only in highly selected patients.

  • In the current era, given the wide range of imaging modalities and therapeutic options, offering each patient the most appropriate and tailored approach according to the individual aetiology, pathophysiology and risk profile is essential.

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Fig. 1: Secondary mitral regurgitation and chronic heart failure: a vicious cycle.
Fig. 2: Mitral valve morphologies and mitral regurgitation mechanisms.
Fig. 3: 3D echocardiography of the mitral valve.
Fig. 4: Advanced echocardiography approaches for mitral valve assessment.
Fig. 5: Echocardiography–fluoroscopy fusion imaging.
Fig. 6: Cardiac CT analysis of the mitral valve.
Fig. 7: Transcatheter mitral valve technologies.
Fig. 8: The challenge of choice in the management of mitral regurgitation.

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Acknowledgements

O.A. is President of the Alfieri Heart Foundation, which aims to encourage training, innovation and research in structural heart disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Benedetto Del Forno, Michele De Bonis, Davide Schiavi, Alessandro Castiglioni & Ottavio Alfieri

  2. Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Eustachio Agricola & Francesco Melillo

  3. Alfieri Heart Foundation, Milan, Italy

    Davide Schiavi & Ottavio Alfieri

  4. Interventional Cardiology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Matteo Montorfano

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B.D.F., M.D.B., E.A., F.M., D.S. and O.A. researched the data for the article, provided substantial contributions to discussions of its content, wrote the article and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission. A.C. and M.M. provided substantial contributions to revision of the manuscript.

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Del Forno, B., De Bonis, M., Agricola, E. et al. Mitral valve regurgitation: a disease with a wide spectrum of therapeutic options. Nat Rev Cardiol 17, 807–827 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0395-7

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