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A primary radiation standard based on quantum nonlinear optics

Nature Physics volume 15, pages 529–532 (2019)Cite this article

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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 13 June 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

The black body remains the most prominent source of light for absolute radiometry1. Its main alternative, synchrotron radiation, requires costly and large facilities2. Quantum optics offers a new radiometric source: parametric down-conversion (PDC), a nonlinear optical process, in which pairwise photon correlations enable absolute calibration of photodetectors3,4,5,6. Since the emission rate crucially depends on the brightness of the electromagnetic field, quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the vacuum7 can be seen as a seed of spontaneous PDC, and their amplitude is a natural radiometric standard. Thus, they allow for the calibration of the spectral radiance of light sources8,9,10,11 by measuring the ratio between seeded and unseeded PDC. Here, we directly use the frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic vacuum to trigger spontaneous PDC and employ the generated light to infer the spectral response of a spectrometer over a broad spectral range. Then, we deduce the absolute quantum efficiency from the spectral shape of PDC in the high-gain regime, without relying on a seed or reference detector. Our results compare well with the ones obtained with a reference lamp, demonstrating a promising primary radiation standard.

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Fig. 1: Physical principle and idealized set-up.
Fig. 2: Measured spectra.
Fig. 3: Spectral response function of the experimental set-up.
Fig. 4: Absolute calibration from high-gain PDC.

Data availability

The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Change history

  • 13 June 2019

    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Acknowledgements

We thank O. Reshef for valuable discussions. This research was performed as part of a collaboration within the Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, whose support we gratefully acknowledge. This work was supported by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund award on Transformative Quantum Technologies and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC). R.F. acknowledges the financial support of the Banting postdoctoral fellowship of the NSERC and S.L. the financial support from Le Fonds de Recherche du Québec Nature et Technologies.

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Author notes

  1. Enno Giese

    Present address: Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany

  2. Robert Fickler

    Present address: Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Samuel Lemieux, Enno Giese, Robert Fickler & Robert W. Boyd

  2. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany

    Maria V. Chekhova

  3. Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Maria V. Chekhova

  4. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Maria V. Chekhova

  5. Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Robert W. Boyd

Authors
  1. Samuel Lemieux
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  2. Enno Giese
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  3. Robert Fickler
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  4. Maria V. Chekhova
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  5. Robert W. Boyd
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Contributions

M.V.C. conceived the idea for relative calibration. S.L., E.G. and R.F. extended that idea to the absolute calibration scheme. S.L. and R.F designed the experiment. S.L. conducted the experiment and performed the data analysis. S.L., E.G. and R.F. wrote the manuscript. M.V.C. and R.W.B. supervised the project. All authors contributed to scientific discussions.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samuel Lemieux.

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Competing interests

S.L., M.V.C. and R.W.B., along with coinventors M. Manceau and G. Leuchs, the University of Ottawa and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, have an international patent application (PCT/IB2017/056450) currently pending, about the relative calibration using PDC. E.G. and R.F. declare that they have no competing interests.

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Lemieux, S., Giese, E., Fickler, R. et al. A primary radiation standard based on quantum nonlinear optics. Nat. Phys. 15, 529–532 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0447-2

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