Single upconversion nanoparticle imaging at sub-10 W cm−2 irradiance

Nature Photonics volume 12, pages548–553(2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising single-molecule probes given their non-blinking, photobleaching-resistant luminescence on infrared excitation. However, the weak luminescence of sub-50 nm UCNPs limits their single-particle detection to above 10 kW cm−2, which is impractical for live cell imaging. Here, we systematically characterize single-particle luminescence for UCNPs with various formulations over a 106 variation in incident power, down to 8 W cm−2. A core–shell–shell (CSS) structure (NaYF4@NaYb1−xF4:Erx@NaYF4) is shown to be significantly brighter than the commonly used NaY0.78F4:Yb0.2Er0.02. At 8 W cm−2, the 8% Er3+ CSS particles exhibit a 150-fold enhancement given their high sensitizer Yb3+ content and the presence of an inert shell to prevent energy migration to defects. Moreover, we reveal power-dependent luminescence enhancement from the inert shell, which explains the discrepancy in enhancement factors reported by ensemble and previous single-particle measurements. These brighter probes open the possibility of cellular and single-molecule tracking at low irradiance.

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Fig. 1: Structural characterizations of core–shell–shell NaYF4@NaYb0.98F4:Er0.02@NaYF4 UCNPs.
Fig. 2: UCL spectra and lifetime.
Fig. 3: Correlative SEM and wide-field fluorescence images of UCNPs.
Fig. 4: Single-particle saturation curves.

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Acknowledgements

S.C. acknowledges financial support from the Moore Foundation (no. 4309) and the Stanford Neurosciences Institute (no. 119600). TEM and SEM imaging were performed at the Stanford Microscopy Facility (National Institutes of Health grant SIG number 1S10RR02678001). EDX mapping and high-resolution TEM were performed at the TEM facility of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. The authors thank A. Brunger, E. Chan, B. Cohen, J. Collins, J. Dionne, D. Jin and X. Liu for helpful discussions.

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Author notes

  1. Lydia-Marie Joubert

    Present address: Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

  2. These authors contributed equally to this work: Qian Liu, Yunxiang Zhang, Chunte Sam Peng.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Qian Liu, Yunxiang Zhang, Chunte Sam Peng & Steven Chu

  2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Qian Liu, Yunxiang Zhang, Chunte Sam Peng & Steven Chu

  3. Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China

    Tianshe Yang

  4. CSIF Beckman Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Lydia-Marie Joubert

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  1. Qian Liu
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Contributions

Q.L., Y.Z., C.S.P., T. Y. and L.-M.J. were responsible for the experimental work. Q.L., Y.Z., C.S.P. and S.C. conceived the project. S.C. supervised the research. All authors discussed the results. The manuscript was written by Q.L., Y.Z., C.S.P. and S.C.

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Correspondence to Steven Chu.

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Supplementary Information

Material synthesis and characterization; Supplementary References 1–6; Supplementary Figures 1–20; Supplementary Tables 1–2.

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Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Peng, C.S. et al. Single upconversion nanoparticle imaging at sub-10 W cm−2 irradiance. Nature Photon 12, 548–553 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0217-1

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