Abstract
Membrane-less organelles resulting from liquid–liquid phase separation of biopolymers into intracellular condensates control essential biological functions, including messenger RNA processing, cell signalling and embryogenesis1,2,3,4. It has recently been discovered that several such protein condensates can undergo a further irreversible phase transition, forming solid nanoscale aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disease5,6,7. While the irreversible gelation of protein condensates is generally related to malfunction and disease, one case where the liquid-to-solid transition of protein condensates is functional, however, is that of silk spinning8,9. The formation of silk fibrils is largely driven by shear, yet it is not known what factors control the pathological gelation of functional condensates. Here we demonstrate that four proteins and one peptide system, with no function associated with fibre formation, have a strong propensity to undergo a liquid-to-solid transition when exposed to even low levels of mechanical shear once present in their liquid–liquid phase separated form. Using microfluidics to control the application of shear, we generated fibres from single-protein condensates and characterized their structural and material properties as a function of shear stress. Our results reveal generic backbone–backbone hydrogen bonding constraints as a determining factor in governing this transition. These observations suggest that shear can play an important role in the irreversible liquid-to-solid transition of protein condensates, shed light on the role of physical factors in driving this transition in protein aggregation-related diseases and open a new route towards artificial shear responsive biomaterials.
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Data availability
All relevant data are included in the manuscript and Supplementary Information. More detailed protocols, calculation and analysis are available from the authors upon request.
Change history
29 December 2020
Supplementary Videos 1–6 were missing when this Letter was originally published online; they have now been uploaded.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Welcome Trust, ERC, Alzheimer Association Zenith, ALS Canada–Brain Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Cambridge Centre for Misfolding Diseases. We thank S. Zhang, Y. Lu and K.L. Saar for assistance with the design and fabrication of the microfluidic devices; K.H. Muller for help with flash-freezing and SEM imaging; and A. Alexiadis for discussions regarding fluid mechanics calculations.
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Y.S. and T.P.J.K. conceived and designed the study. Y.S., F.S.R., A.K. and A.L. performed the experiments. Y.S., S.Q., P.S.G.-H., C.I., S.A. and A.K. produced the materials. F.S.R. performed AMF-IR and analysed the data. D.V. simulated the flow field. Y.S. imaged samples under SEM and ran microfluidic experiments and FRAP analysis. A.K. performed tensile strength measurements. Y.S., F.S.R., D.V., A.K. P.S.G.-H., S.A. and T.P.J.K. analysed the data. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figs. 1–5, Table 1, Movie descriptions and refs. 1–5.
Supplementary Video 1
LLPS of FUS by lowering the salt concentration.
Supplementary Video 2
LLPS of Ded1 by lowering the pH value.
Supplementary Video 3
LLPS of A11 by mixing with 10% dextran.
Supplementary Video 4
LLPS of zFF by mixing with 10% dextran.
Supplementary Video 5
LLPS of reconstituted silk fibroin by mixing with 10% dextran.
Supplementary Video 6
A single fibre was formed under shear stress 2.2 Pa and retracted when the shear was removed in the microfluidic channel.
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Shen, Y., Ruggeri, F.S., Vigolo, D. et al. Biomolecular condensates undergo a generic shear-mediated liquid-to-solid transition. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 841–847 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0731-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0731-4
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