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Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures

Nature Nanotechnology volume 13, pages 986–993 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

In recent decades, scientists have developed the means to engineer synthetic periodic arrays with feature sizes below the wavelength of light. When such features are appropriately structured, electromagnetic radiation can be manipulated in unusual ways, resulting in optical metamaterials whose function is directly controlled through nanoscale structure. Nature, too, has adopted such techniques—for example in the unique colouring of butterfly wings—to manipulate photons as they propagate through nanoscale periodic assemblies. In this Perspective, we highlight the intriguing potential of designer structuring of electronic matter at scales at and below the electron wavelength, which affords a new range of synthetic quantum metamaterials with unconventional responses. Driven by experimental developments in stacking atomically layered heterostructures—such as mechanical pick-up/transfer assembly—atomic-scale registrations and structures can be readily tuned over distances smaller than characteristic electronic length scales (such as the electron wavelength, screening length and electron mean free path). Yet electronic metamaterials promise far richer categories of behaviour than those found in conventional optical metamaterial technologies. This is because, unlike photons, which scarcely interact with each other, electrons in subwavelength-structured metamaterials are charged and strongly interact. As a result, an enormous variety of emergent phenomena can be expected and radically new classes of interacting quantum metamaterials designed.

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Fig. 1: Wavefunction and Coulomb characteristics of electrons in vdW heterostructure quantum metamaterials.
Fig. 2: Wavefunction engineering in vdW heterostructures.
Fig. 3: Designing interactions in vertical vdW stacks.
Fig. 4: Strong correlations in interacting quantum metamaterials.

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Acknowledgements

We thank V. Fatemi, F. Koppens, P. McEuen, J. Sanchez-Yamigishi and A. Young for discussions, as well as M. Grossnickle from QMO Labs for graphics assistance. J.C.W.S. acknowledges support from the Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF) under NRF fellowship award NRF-NRFF2016-05 and a Nanyang Technological University (NTU) start-up grant (NTU-SUG). N.M.G. is supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Program (YIP) award no. FA9550-16-1-0216 and by the National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research CAREER award no. 1651247. N.M.G. also acknowledges support through a Cottrell Scholar Award, and through the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Azrieli Global Scholar Award.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Justin C. W. Song

  2. Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

    Justin C. W. Song

  3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    Nathaniel M. Gabor

  4. Laboratory of Quantum Materials Optoelectronics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    Nathaniel M. Gabor

  5. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Nathaniel M. Gabor

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Song, J.C.W., Gabor, N.M. Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Nanotech 13, 986–993 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0294-9

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