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Towards the scalable synthesis of two-dimensional heterostructures and superlattices beyond exfoliation and restacking

Nature Materials volume 23, pages 1326–1338 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, which feature atomically thin geometry and dangling-bond-free surfaces, have attracted intense interest for diverse technology applications, including ultra-miniaturized transistors towards the subnanometre scale. A straightforward exfoliation-and-restacking approach has been widely used for nearly arbitrary assembly of diverse two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures, superlattices and moiré superlattices, providing a versatile materials platform for fundamental investigations of exotic physical phenomena and proof-of-concept device demonstrations. While this approach has contributed importantly to the recent flourishing of 2D materials research, it is clearly unsuitable for practical technologies. Capturing the full potential of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides requires robust and scalable synthesis of these atomically thin materials and their heterostructures with designable spatial modulation of chemical compositions and electronic structures. The extreme aspect ratio, lack of intrinsic substrate and highly delicate nature of the atomically thin crystals present fundamental difficulties in material synthesis. Here we summarize the key challenges, highlight current advances and outline opportunities in the scalable synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenide-based heterostructures, superlattices and moiré superlattices.

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Fig. 1: Challenges in CVD synthesis of 2D TMDs and heterostructures.
Fig. 2: Synthesis of 2D lateral heterostructures and superlattices.
Fig. 3: Synthesis of 2D vertical heterostructures and moiré superlattices.
Fig. 4: Two-dimensional vertical superlattices.
Fig. 5: Site-controlled growth.

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Acknowledgements

X.D. acknowledges support from the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant no. 2022YFA1203801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos 51991340, 51991343 and 52221001) and the Innovative Research Groups of Hunan Province (grant no. 2020JJ1001). J.L. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 52102168 and 52372145) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (grant nos 2023JJ20009 and 2023RC3092). X.Y. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 62341402), Yongjiang Talent Introduction Programme (grant no. 2023A-167-G) and the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 2023J023).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Jia Li, Xiangdong Yang.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China

    Jia Li & Xidong Duan

  2. Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China

    Xiangdong Yang & Weiyou Yang

  3. School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Zhengwei Zhang

  4. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Xiangfeng Duan

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Li, J., Yang, X., Zhang, Z. et al. Towards the scalable synthesis of two-dimensional heterostructures and superlattices beyond exfoliation and restacking. Nat. Mater. 23, 1326–1338 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-024-01989-8

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