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Enhanced nanofluidic transport in activated carbon nanoconduits

Nature Materials volume 21, pages 696–702 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Carbon has emerged as a unique material in nanofluidics, with reports of fast water transport, molecular ion separation and efficient osmotic energy conversion. Many of these phenomena still await proper rationalization due to the lack of fundamental understanding of nanoscale ionic transport, which can only be achieved in controlled environments. Here we develop the fabrication of ‘activated’ two-dimensional carbon nanochannels. Compared with nanoconduits with ‘pristine’ graphite walls, this enables the investigation of nanoscale ionic transport in great detail. We show that activated carbon nanochannels outperform pristine channels by orders of magnitude in terms of surface electrification, ionic conductance, streaming current and (epi-)osmotic currents. A detailed theoretical framework enables us to attribute the enhanced ionic transport across activated carbon nanochannels to an optimal combination of high surface charge and low friction. Furthermore, this demonstrates the unique potential of activated carbon for energy harvesting from salinity gradients with single-pore power density across activated carbon nanochannels, reaching hundreds of kilowatts per square metre, surpassing alternative nanomaterials.

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Fig. 1: Nanofluidic 2D channels and measurement setup.
Fig. 2: Ionic transport across pristine and activated channels.
Fig. 3: Conductivity enhancement for pristine and activated channels.
Fig. 4: Osmotic energy performance of pristine and activated channels.

Data availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. Source data are provided with this paper and are available at https://figshare.com/s/2aabcab85d33123a3af3.

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Acknowledgements

L.B. thanks R. Netz and B. Rotenberg for fruitful discussions. We thank the Institut des Matériaux de Paris Centre (IMPC FR2482) for servicing the XPS instrumentation, as well as A. Walton for his help with XPS measurements and valuable discussions. L.B. acknowledges funding from the EU H2020 Framework Programme/ERC Advanced Grant agreement number 785911-Shadoks and ANR project Neptune. A.S. acknowledges funding from the EU H2020 Framework Programme/ERC Starting Grant agreement number 637748-NanoSOFT. L.B. and A.S. acknowledge support from the Horizon 2020 programme through Grant number 899528-FET-OPEN-ITS-THIN. K.S.V. acknowledges the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship from the EU H2020 Framework Programme, through grant number 836434, GraFludicDevices. A.K. acknowledges the Ramsay Memorial Fellowship and also funding from the Royal Society research grant RGS/R2/202036. B.R. acknowledges the Royal Society fellowship and funding from the EU H2020 Framework Programme/ERC Starting Grant number 852674 AngstroCAP. This work has received the support of the Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (programme ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-10-LABX-31).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France

    Theo Emmerich, Kalangi S. Vasu, Antoine Niguès, Alessandro Siria & Lydéric Bocquet

  2. National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Ashok Keerthi & Boya Radha

  3. Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Ashok Keerthi

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Boya Radha

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  1. Theo Emmerich
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  5. Boya Radha
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  6. Alessandro Siria
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Contributions

L.B. and A.S. designed and directed the project. T.E. and K.S.V. contributed equally; they fabricated the devices, with input from A.N. and A.S. Device fabrication and characterization was contributed by B.R. and A.K. With input from L.B. and A.S., T.E. and K.S.V. performed experiments and carried out analysis. L.B. performed the theoretical analysis. L.B., K.S.V., T.E. and A.S wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to discussions.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Alessandro Siria or Lydéric Bocquet.

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Nature Materials thanks Rohit Karnik and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Emmerich, T., Vasu, K.S., Niguès, A. et al. Enhanced nanofluidic transport in activated carbon nanoconduits. Nat. Mater. 21, 696–702 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01229-x

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