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One hundred years of EEG for brain and behaviour research

Nature Human Behaviour volume 8, pages 1437–1443 (2024)Cite this article

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On the centenary of the first human EEG recording, more than 500 experts reflect on the impact that this discovery has had on our understanding of the brain and behaviour. We document their priorities and call for collective action focusing on validity, democratization and responsibility to realize the potential of EEG in science and society over the next 100 years.

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Fig. 1: An EEG recording in 2024.
Fig. 2: Predicting future milestones of EEG.
Fig. 3: Priorities for progressing EEG.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the UK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/X008428/1), the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203331) and the German Research Foundation (PA 4005/1-1) and is the result of a partnership between the #EEGManyLabs (https://www.eegmanylabs.org) project, EEGNet (Brain Canada Foundation no. 4940) and the Global Brain Consortium (https://globalbrainconsortium.org/). The latter is funded by grant Y0301902610100201 of the University of Electronic Sciences and Technology of China, STI 2030-major projects grant number: 2022ZD0208500 and the Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Program grant number: 2022GH02-00042- HZ. We thank the organizations, societies and researchers who supported the dissemination of the survey (a full list is available in ref. 11) and all of our participants.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Faisal Mushtaq, Dominik Welke, Layla Kouara, Jasper J. F. van den Bosch, Katherine E. Hiley & Mark Mon-Williams

  2. NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK

    Faisal Mushtaq

  3. Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Anne Gallagher, Karim Jerbi & Sarah Lippé

  4. Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Anne Gallagher & Sarah Lippé

  5. UNIQUE Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Anne Gallagher, Karim Jerbi & Sarah Lippé

  6. Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Yuri G. Pavlov & Boris Kotchoubey

  7. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Jorge Bosch-Bayard

  8. Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Mahnaz Arvaneh

  9. Department of Psychology, Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Amy R. Bland

  10. Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Maximilien Chaumon

  11. Institute of Medical History and Science Research, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Cornelius Borck

  12. Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

    Xun He

  13. Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Steven J. Luck

  14. Xiberlinc Inc., Tokyo, Japan

    Maro G. Machizawa

  15. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

    Maro G. Machizawa

  16. Neurology and Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Cyril Pernet

  17. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

    Aina Puce

  18. Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

    Sidney J. Segalowitz

  19. Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Christine Rogers, Sylvain Baillet & Alan C. Evans

  20. McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Christine Rogers & Alan C. Evans

  21. School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

    Muhammad Awais

  22. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Claudio Babiloni

  23. Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Frosinone, Italy

    Claudio Babiloni

  24. School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    Neil W. Bailey

  25. School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK

    Robert C. A. Bendall & Samantha Gregory

  26. School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Daniel Brady

  27. The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

    Maria L. Bringas-Vega, Lilia Morales-Chacón, Dezhong Yao & Pedro Valdes-Sosa

  28. Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Niko A. Busch

  29. Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba

    Ana Calzada-Reyes, Eduardo Martínez-Montes, Mitchell Valdes-Sosa & Pedro Valdes-Sosa

  30. Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France

    Armand Chatard

  31. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France

    Armand Chatard

  32. Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Peter E. Clayson & Edelyn Verona

  33. Sincxpress Education https://sincxpress.com/

    Michael X. Cohen

  34. Donders Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Michael X. Cohen

  35. University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK

    Jonathan Cole

  36. University of Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK

    Jonathan Cole

  37. Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l’Education, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

    Martin Constant

  38. Lyon Neurosience Research Center, Lyon, France

    Alexandra Corneyllie

  39. The Bath Institute for the Augmented Human, University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Damien Coyle

  40. School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Ulster, UK

    Damien Coyle

  41. School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Damian Cruse

  42. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Ioannis Delis

  43. Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Arnaud Delorme & Scott Makeig

  44. Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse III University, Toulouse, France

    Arnaud Delorme

  45. Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Damien Fair

  46. INRS-EMT, University de Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Tiago H. Falk

  47. Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Matthias Gamer & Yannik Stegmann

  48. School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

    Giorgio Ganis

  49. Institute of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Kilian Gloy

  50. Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Cameron D. Hassall

  51. Department of Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Richard B. Ivry & Robert T. Knight

  52. Mila, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Karim Jerbi

  53. School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Michael Jenkins

  54. Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Jakob Kaiser

  55. Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Andreas Keil

  56. Studies in Neuroscience and Complex Systems (ENyS), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Silvia Kochen

  57. Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

    Olave E. Krigolson

  58. Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Methods of Plasticity Research, Zurich, Switzerland

    Nicolas Langer

  59. Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Heinrich R. Liesefeld

  60. Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Raquel E. London

  61. Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Annmarie MacNamara

  62. School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Welber Marinovic

  63. Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Aleya A. Marzuki

  64. School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Ryan K. Mathew

  65. Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

    Ryan K. Mathew

  66. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Christoph Michel

  67. Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Christoph Michel

  68. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    José d. R. Millán

  69. Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    José d. R. Millán

  70. Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain

    Lilia Morales-Chacón

  71. Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Richard Naar

  72. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Gustav Nilsonne & Robert Oostenveld

  73. Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Guiomar Niso

  74. Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA

    Erika Nyhus

  75. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Robert Oostenveld

  76. Faculty of Social Sciences, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Katharina Paul

  77. Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Walter Paulus

  78. University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Walter Paulus

  79. Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Daniela M. Pfabigan

  80. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Gilles Pourtois

  81. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

    Stefan Rampp

  82. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany

    Stefan Rampp

  83. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

    Stefan Rampp

  84. Faculty Society and Economics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany

    Manuel Rausch

  85. Faculty of Philosophy and Education, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany

    Manuel Rausch

  86. Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Kay Robbins

  87. Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy

    Paolo M. Rossini

  88. Basque Center on Cognition Brain & Language, San Sebastian, Spain

    Manuela Ruzzoli

  89. Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Manuela Ruzzoli

  90. Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

    Barbara Schmidt

  91. Centre for Cognitive Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

    Magdalena Senderecka

  92. Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Narayanan Srinivasan

  93. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Paul M. Thompson

  94. Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Melle J. W. van der Molen

  95. School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Domenica Veniero

  96. Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Bradley Voytek

  97. Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

    Dezhong Yao

Authors
  1. Faisal Mushtaq
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Faisal Mushtaq or Pedro Valdes-Sosa.

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Competing interests

M.G.M. is CEO of Xiberlinc Inc., a neurotechnology company. D. Coyle is founder and CEO of NeuroCONCISE Ltd, a wearable EEG company. R.K.M. is a shareholder in RBM Healthcare Ltd and an advisory shareholder for Opto Biosystems Ltd, a neurotechnology company. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

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Mushtaq, F., Welke, D., Gallagher, A. et al. One hundred years of EEG for brain and behaviour research. Nat Hum Behav 8, 1437–1443 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01941-5

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