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  • Perspective
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The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders

Nature Human Behaviour volume 1, pages 784–790 (2017)Cite this article

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Consistent failure over the past few decades to reduce the high prevalence of stress-related disorders has motivated a search for alternative research strategies. Resilience refers to the phenomenon of many people maintaining mental health despite exposure to psychological or physical adversity. Instead of aiming to understand the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders, resilience research focuses on protective mechanisms that shield people against the development of such disorders and tries to exploit its insights to improve treatment and, in particular, disease prevention. To fully harness the potential of resilience research, a critical appraisal of the current state of the art — in terms of basic concepts and key methods — is needed. We highlight challenges to resilience research and make concrete conceptual and methodological proposals to improve resilience research. Most importantly, we propose to focus research on the dynamic processes of successful adaptation to stressors in prospective longitudinal studies.

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Acknowledgements

The following colleagues were helpful in proof-reading and approving the submitted manuscript: D. Hermans, F. Raes and J. Vlaeyen (all University of Leuven, Belgium), B. Berninger, H. Luhmann, R. Nitsch, K. Radyushkin, S. Ryu, M. Schreckenberger, S. Schweiger, A. Stroh, U. Zechner (all at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), A. Acker-Palmer, S. Duvarci, J. Roeper, T. Sigurdsson (all at Goethe University), J. Letzkus, E. Schuman (both at Max Planck Institute for Brain Research) and V. Tiwari (Institute for Molecular Biology). In preparing this Perspective, U.B. was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG CRC 1193, subproject C06); G.A.B. by the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (project 2013067), David and Maureen O’Connor, and the Rockefeller Foundation (2012-RLC 304); A.C. by DFG CRC 1193, subproject C04; E.B. by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme (EU H2020/705217); C.J.F. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects C03 and C06, DFG FI 848/5-1, and the European Research Council (ERC-CoG 617891); I.G.-L. by the National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH102415); S.G. by DFG CRC 1193, subproject B05; E.J.H. by the ERC (ERC-CoG682591); R.K. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects B01 and C01, and the State of Rhineland-Palatinate (project 1080, MARP); K.L. by DFG CRC 1193, subproject Z03, and the State of Rhineland-Palatinate (project 1080, MARP); B.L. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects A02, B03, and Z02; M.B.M. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects A03 and Z02; R.J.M. by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF 100014-143398; project no. un 8306); A.R. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects C07 and Z03, and EU H2020/2014-2020 (643051 (MiND) and 667302 (CoCA)); K.R. by the ERC (ERC_StG2012_313749) and the NWO (NWO VICI no. 453-12-001); B.P.F.R. by the NWO (NWO VENI no. 916-11-086); D.S. by the SNF (SNF 100014-143398, project no. un 8306); O.T. by DFG CRC 1193, subproject C04, and the State of Rhineland-Palatinate (project 1080, MARP); A.-L.v.H. by the Royal Society (DH150176); C.H.V. by the Netherlands Brain Foundation (Fellowship F2013(1)-216) and the NWO (NWO VENI no. 451-13-001); T.D.W. by the National Institute of Health (NIH); M.We. by DFG CRC 1193, subprojects C05 and C07; and M.Wi. by DFG CRC 1193, subproject C04. The authors thank A. Kline and J. L. Jenness for providing unpublished results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum (DRZ), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Raffael Kalisch, Andrea Chmitorz, Sergiu Groppa, Isabella Helmreich, Thomas Kubiak, Klaus Lieb, Beat Lutz, Marianne B. Müller, Anita Schick, Oliver Tüscher & Michèle Wessa

  2. Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Raffael Kalisch & Anita Schick

  3. intresa consortium, Langenbeckstraβe 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Raffael Kalisch, Eddie Brummelman, Andrea Chmitorz, Guillén Fernàndez, Isabella Helmreich, Talma Hendler, Erno J. Hermans, Thomas Kubiak, Klaus Lieb, Ryan J. Murray, Andreas Reif, Karin Roelofs, David Sander, Anita Schick, Oliver Tüscher, Ilse Van Diest, Anne-Laura van Harmelen, Ilya M. Veer, Henrik Walter, Michèle Wessa & Birgit Kleim

  4. CRC 1193 consortium, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Raffael Kalisch, Ulrike Basten, Christian J. Fiebach, Sergiu Groppa, Klaus Lieb, Beat Lutz, Marianne B. Müller, Andreas Reif, Oliver Tüscher, Michèle Wessa & Michael Wibral

  5. VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA

    Dewleen G. Baker & Caroline M. Nievergelt

  6. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA

    Dewleen G. Baker & Caroline M. Nievergelt

  7. Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Ulrike Basten & Christian J. Fiebach

  8. University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Marco P. Boks, Elbert Geuze & Christiaan H. Vinkers

  9. Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA

    George A. Bonanno

  10. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Eddie Brummelman

  11. Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 100 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Eddie Brummelman

  12. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122, Mainz, Germany

    Andrea Chmitorz, Isabella Helmreich, Klaus Lieb, Marianne B. Müller & Oliver Tüscher

  13. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Guillén Fernàndez, Erno J. Hermans & Karin Roelofs

  14. IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Christian J. Fiebach

  15. Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Isaac Galatzer-Levy

  16. Military Mental Healthcare — Research Centre, Ministry of Defence, 2500 ES, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Elbert Geuze & Eric Vermetten

  17. Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Sergiu Groppa

  18. Tel Aviv Center For Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Talma Hendler

  19. School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Talma Hendler

  20. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA

    Tanja Jovanovic

  21. Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122, Mainz, Germany

    Thomas Kubiak

  22. Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany

    Beat Lutz

  23. Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Ryan J. Murray

  24. Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3 Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Ryan J. Murray & David Sander

  25. Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Ryan J. Murray & David Sander

  26. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Andreas Reif

  27. Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 HP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Karin Roelofs

  28. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, 6229 ET, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Bart P. F. Rutten

  29. Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Ilse Van Diest

  30. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK

    Anne-Laura van Harmelen

  31. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Ilya M. Veer & Henrik Walter

  32. Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Eric Vermetten

  33. Arq Psychotrauma Research Group Diemen, 1110 AC, Diemen, The Netherlands

    Eric Vermetten

  34. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA

    Tor D. Wager

  35. Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

    Tor D. Wager

  36. Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University, 10099, Berlin, Germany

    Henrik Walter

  37. Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122, Mainz, Germany

    Michèle Wessa

  38. MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Michael Wibral

  39. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland

    Birgit Kleim

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  1. Raffael Kalisch
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Correspondence to Raffael Kalisch.

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Competing interests

All authors report to have no financial and non-financial actual or perceived competing interests. A.R. has received a research grant from Medice and speakers honoraria from neuraxpharm and Boehringer. H.W. has received a speaker’s honorarium from Servier. All other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

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Kalisch, R., Baker, D.G., Basten, U. et al. The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nat Hum Behav 1, 784–790 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8

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