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Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans

Nature Human Behaviour volume 1, Article number: 0016 (2017) Cite this article

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Abstract

In human populations, assortative mating is almost univer­sally positive, with similarities between partners for quantit­ative phenotypes1–6, common disease risk1,3,7–10, beha­vi­our6,11, social factors12–14 and personality4,5,11. The causes and genetic consequences of assortative mating remain un­re­solved because partner similarity can arise from different mechanisms: phenotypic assortment based on mate choice15,16, partner interaction and convergence in phenotype over time14,17, or social homogamy where individuals pair according to social or environmental background. Here, we present theory and an analytical approach to test for genetic evidence of assortative mating and find a correlation in genetic value among partners for a range of phenotypes. Across three independent samples of 24,662 spousal pairs in total, we infer a correlation at trait-associated loci between partners for height (0.200, 0.004 standard error, SE) that matched the phenotypic correlation (0.201, 0.004 SE), and a correlation at trait-associated loci for BMI (0.143, 0.007 SE) that was significantly lower than the phenotypic value (0.228, 0.004 SE). We extend our analysis to the UK Biobank study (7,780 pairs), finding evidence of a correlation at trait-associated loci for waist-to-hip ratio (0.101, 0.041 SE), systolic blood pressure (0.138, 0.064 SE) and educational attainment (0.654, 0.014 SE). Our results imply that mate choice, combined with widespread pleiotropy among traits, affects the genomic architecture of traits in humans.

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Figure 1: Assortative mating for height and BMI creates a correlation at trait-associated loci among partners.
Figure 2: Genetic evidence for assortative mating across a range of phenotypes in the UK Biobank study.

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Acknowledgements

The University of Queensland group is supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC grants 1078037, 1048853 and 1050218), the Australian Research Council (Discovery Project 160103860) and the National Institute of Health (NIH grants R21ESO25052-01, R01AG042568 and PO1GMO99568). J.Y. is supported by a Charles and Sylvia Viertel Senior Medical Research Fellowship. We thank the participants of the cohort studies, as well as C. Haley and our colleagues at the Program in Complex Trait Genomics, for comments and suggestions. 23andMe cohort thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe. This work was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH (grant number R44HG006981). The UK Biobank research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under project 12514. TWINGENE was supported by the Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112), GenomEUtwin (EU/QLRT-2001-01254; QLG2-CT-2002-01254), NIH DK U01-066134, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, and the Heart and Lung Foundation grant no. 20070481. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) is a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C). K.E.N and M.G. are supported by NIDDK R01 DK089256. We thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their contributions. Generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the LifeLines Cohort Study is supported by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (grant 175.010.2007.006), the Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch government, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces, the Province of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the University of Groningen, Dutch Kidney Foundation and Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation. The authors acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines, and all the study participants. Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) is funded by US Public Health Service grants from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA09367, AA11886), National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA05147, DA13240, DA024417, DA036216) and National Institute of Mental Health (MH066140). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,, 4072, Queensland, Australia

    Matthew R. Robinson, Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen, Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

  2. Department of Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, California, 94041, USA

    Aaron Kleinman

  3. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27514, North Carolina, USA

    Mariaelisa Graff & Kari E. North

  4. Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27514, North Carolina, USA

    David Couper

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Michael B. Miller, William G. Iacono & Matt McGue

  6. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Wouter J. Peyrot

  7. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Abdel Abdellaoui

  8. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, , 4072, Queensland, Australia

    Brendan P. Zietsch

  9. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Ilja M. Nolte, Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk & Harold Snieder

  10. Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk

  11. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Sarah E. Medland & Nicholas G. Martin

  12. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden

    Patrik K. E. Magnusson

  13. Carolina Centre for Genome Sciences, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27514, North Carolina, USA

    Kari E. North

  14. The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia

    Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

  15. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Harold Snieder, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh & H. Marike Boezen

  16. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Lude Franke, Morris Swertz & Cisca Wijmenga

  17. Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Pim van der Harst

  18. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Gerjan Navis

  19. Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Marianne Rots

  20. Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel

  21. Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Goncalo R. Abecasis, Michael Boehnke, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Anne U. Jackson, Adam E. Locke, Laura J. Scott, Nicole Soranzo, Heather M. Stringham, Tanya M. Teslovich, Ryan Welch, Robert J. Weyant & Cristen J. Willer

  22. Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, 35806, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher & Lindsay L. Waite

  23. Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50410, Estonia

    Helene Alavere, Tõnu Esko, Krista Fischer, Reedik Mägi, Andres Metspalu, Evelin Mihailov, Lili Milani, Mari Nelis, Markus Perola, Mari-Liis Tammesoo & Maris Teder-Laving

  24. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany

    Eva Albrecht, Christian Gieger & Martina Mìller-Nurasyid

  25. Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK

    Hana Lango Allen, Timothy Frayling, Andrew T. Hattersley, John R. B. Perry, Michael N. Weedon & Andrew R. Wood

  26. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, 20502, Sweden

    Peter Almgren & Leif C. Groop

  27. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands

    Najaf Amin, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Karol Estrada, Albert Hofman, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, Marjolein J. Peters, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden, Sophie van Wingerden & Jacqueline C. M. Witteman

  28. Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, F-59000, France

    Philippe Amouyel

  29. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth Western Australia, 6872, Australia

    Denise Anderson & Aarno Palotie

  30. Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Australia

    Denise Anderson

  31. Departments of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    Alice M. Arnold & Barbara McKnight

  32. Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Seattle, 98115, Washington, USA

    Alice M. Arnold

  33. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France

    Dominique Arveiler & Kaarel Krjutškov

  34. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

    Thor Aspelund, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Vilmundur Gudnason & Albert Vernon Smith

  35. University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Thor Aspelund, Vilmundur Gudnason & Albert Vernon Smith

  36. Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Folkert W. Asselbergs

  37. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, California, USA

    Themistocles L. Assimes, Joshua W. Knowles & Thomas Quertermous

  38. Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland

    Mustafa Atalay & Timo A. Lakka

  39. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK

    Antony P. Attwood, Inês Barroso, Panos Deloukas, Sarah Edkins, Sarah E. Hunt, Stavroula Kanoni, Willem H. Ouwehand, Leena Peltonen, Aparna Radhakrishnan, Joshua C. Randall, Samuli Ripatti, So-Youn Shin, Kathleen Stirrups & Eleanor Wheeler

  40. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK

    Antony P. Attwood, Jennifer Jolley, Willem H. Ouwehand, Aparna Radhakrishnan, Augusto Rendon, Jennifer G. Sambrook & Jonathan C. Stephens

  41. NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK

    Antony P. Attwood, Willem H. Ouwehand & Augusto Rendon

  42. Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    Larry D. Atwood & Nancy L. Heard-Costa

  43. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Stephan J. L. Bakker & Gerjan Navis

  44. INSERM CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health U1018, Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Villejuif, 94807, France

    Beverley Balkau

  45. University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, 94807, France

    Beverley Balkau

  46. Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    Anthony J. Balmforth

  47. Department of Medicine, University of Milan, Surgery and Dentistry, Milano, 20139, Italy

    Cristina Barlassina

  48. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK

    Inês Barroso

  49. Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Hanneke Basart, Kees G. Hovingh & Mieke D. Trip

  50. Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Sabrina Bauer, Christa Buechler & Kristina Eisinger

  51. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland

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  52. Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland

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  53. Department of Molecular Genetics, PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, J Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    John P. Beilby & Jennie Hui

  54. Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

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  55. School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

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  56. Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Australia

    John P. Beilby

  57. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK

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  58. Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK

    Yoav Ben-Shlomo

  59. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, California, USA

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  60. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

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  61. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

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  62. Zentrum fìr Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Greifswald, 17489, Germany

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  63. Molecular Biology Department, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy

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  64. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany

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  65. Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany

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  66. Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

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  67. Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland

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  69. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

    Lori L. Bonnycastle, Peter S. Chines, Francis S. Collins, Michael R. Erdos, Mario A. Morken, Narisu Narisu & Amy J. Swift

  70. Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA

    Lori L. Bonnycastle, Peter S. Chines, Francis S. Collins, Narisu Narisu & Amy J. Swift

  71. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, BT, The Netherlands

    Dorret I. Boomsma, Eco J. C. Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga & Gonneke Willemsen

  72. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Ingrid B. Borecki, Mary F. Feitosa, Shamika Ketkar, Aldi T. Kraja, Lyle J. Palmer & Michael A. Province

  73. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Ingrid B. Borecki

  74. Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany

    Stefan R. Bornstein & Barbara Ludwig

  75. Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany

    Stefan R. Bornstein & Peter E. H. Schwarz

  76. CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59019, France

    Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Christine Cavalcanti-Proença, Philippe Froguel, Stefan Gaget, Cecile Lecoeur & Vincent Vatin

  77. University Lille Nord de France, Lille, 59000, France

    Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Christine Cavalcanti-Proença, Philippe Froguel, Stefan Gaget, Cecile Lecoeur, David Meyre, Boris Skrobek & Vincent Vatin

  78. Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada

    Gabrielle Boucher & Guillaume Lettre

  79. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale. Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy

    Paolo Brambilla

  80. LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

    Harold Snieder, Marcel Bruinenberg, Lude Franke, Melanie M. Van der Klauw, Ronald P. Stolk, Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk & Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel

  81. Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, California, USA

    Thomas A. Buchanan

  82. Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada

    Gemma Cadby

  83. Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada

    Gemma Cadby & Lyle J. Palmer

  84. Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK

    Mark J. Caulfield, Toby Johnson & Patricia B. Munroe

  85. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy

    Giancarlo Cesana

  86. Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel I. Chasman, Lee M. Kaplan & Paul M. Ridker

  87. Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel I. Chasman, Paul M. Ridker & Lynda M. Rose

  88. Department of OB/GYN and Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yii-Der Ida Chen

  89. Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Yii-Der Ida Chen

  90. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390-8854, Texas, USA

    Deborah J Clegg & Thomas Person

  91. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK

    Lachlan Coin, Paul Elliott, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Ulla Sovio

  92. British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK

    John M. Connell

  93. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK

    John M. Connell

  94. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK

    William Cookson & Miriam F. Moffatt

  95. Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Matthew N. Cooper, Jennie Hui, Robert W. Lawrence & Lyle J. Palmer

  96. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, North Carolina, USA

    Damien C. Croteau-Chonka, Jennifer R. Kulzer & Karen L. Mohlke

  97. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, Massachusetts, USA

    L. Adrienne Cupples, Julius S Ngwa & Charles C. White

  98. Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo, Milano, 20139, Italy

    Daniele Cusi & Francesca Frau

  99. Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy

    Daniele Cusi

  100. MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK

    Felix R. Day, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Claudia Langenberg, Shengxu Li, Ruth J. F. Loos, Jian’an Luan, Ken K. Ong, Nicholas J. Wareham & Jing Hua Zhao

  101. Department of Social Medicine, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK

    Ian N. M. Day, Debbie A. Lawlor, George Davey Smith & Nicholas John Timpson

  102. Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece

    George V. Dedoussis, Maria Dimitriou & Eirini V. Theodoraki

  103. Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy

    Mariano Dei, Andrea Maschio, Serena Sanna, Manuela Uda & Gianluca Usala

  104. Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy

    Mariano Dei & Serena Sanna

  105. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland

    Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis & Antigone S. Dimas

  106. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK

    Antigone S. Dimas, Teresa Ferreira, Jon P. Krohn, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Reedik Mägi, Iain Mathieson, Mark I. McCarthy, Josine L. Min, Andrew P. Morris, John F. Peden, Inga Prokopenko, Joshua C. Randall, Nigel W. Rayner & Neil R. Robertson

  107. Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al, 16672, Fleming, Vari, Greece

    Antigone S. Dimas

  108. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA1 1RL, UK

    Anna L. Dixon

  109. Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Marcus Dörr

  110. Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands

    Cornelia M. van Duijn, Karol Estrada, Albert Hofman, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, Ben A. Oostra, Marjolein J. Peters, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden, Jacqueline C. M. Witteman & M. Carola Zillikens

  111. Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZC, The Netherlands

    Cornelia M. van Duijn & Gert-Jan van Ommen

  112. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK

    Shah Ebrahim

  113. South Asia Network for Chronic Disease,

    Shah Ebrahim

  114. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Niina Eklund, Johannes Kettunen, Kati Kristiansson, Niina Pellikka, Markus Perola, Samuli Ripatti, Kaisa Silander & Ida Surakka

  115. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia

    Niina Eklund, Tõnu Esko, Andres Metspalu, Evelin Mihailov, Mari Nelis & Maris Teder-Laving

  116. MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, London, W2 1PG, UK

    Paul Elliott

  117. Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany

    Raimund Erbel

  118. Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research (NCCR), Lìbeck, 23538, Germany

    Jeanette Erdmann & Heribert Schunkert

  119. Universität zu Lìbeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lìbeck, 23562, Germany

    Jeanette Erdmann, Christina Loley & Heribert Schunkert

  120. Universität zu Lìbeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lìbeck, 23538, Germany

    Jeanette Erdmann, Michael Preuss & Heribert Schunkert

  121. Deutsches Zentrum fìr Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lìbeck, Lìbeck, 23538, Germany

    Jeanette Erdmann & Heribert Schunkert

  122. Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  123. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson, Eero Kajantie & Leena Peltonen

  124. Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, 00280, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  125. Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson, Bo Isomaa & Tiinamaija Tuomi

  126. Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, 65130, Finland

    Johan G. Eriksson

  127. Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, 51010, Estonia

    Tõnu Esko, Andres Metspalu, Mari Nelis & Maris Teder-Laving

  128. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands

    Karol Estrada, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, Marjolein J. Peters, Fernando Rivadeneira, André G. Uitterlinden & M. Carola Zillikens

  129. Department of Social Medicine, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK

    David M Evans & Lavinia Paternoster

  130. Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ulf de Faire & Bruna Gigante

  131. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden

    Tove Fall, Andrea Ganna, Henrik Grönberg, Stefan Gustafsson, Per Hall, Erik Ingelsson, Yudi Pawitan, Nancy L. Pedersen, Emil Rehnberg & Patrik K. E. Magnusson

  132. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK

    Martin Farrall, Anuj Goel & Hugh Watkins

  133. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

    Marco M. Ferrario

  134. Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France

    Jean Ferrières

  135. Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, 01702, Massachusetts, USA

    Caroline S. Fox

  136. Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

    Lude Franke & Pim van der Harst

  137. Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Paul W. Franks & Dmitry Shungin

  138. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Paul W. Franks

  139. Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Paul W. Franks, Göran Hallmans & Dmitry Shungin

  140. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    Nelson B. Freimer

  141. Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK

    Philippe Froguel

  142. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Mao Fu, Jeffrey R. O’Connell & Alan R. Shuldiner

  143. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL

    Pablo V. Gejman & Alan R. Sanders

  144. Northshore University Healthsystem, Evanston, 60201, Ilinois, USA

    Pablo V. Gejman & Alan R. Sanders

  145. Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark

    Anette P. Gjesing, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen & Camilla Sandholt

  146. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Nicole L. Glazer

  147. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Nicole L. Glazer, Guo Li & Bruce M. Psaty

  148. University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia

    Michael E. Goddard

  149. Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E. Goddard

  150. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany

    Harald Grallert, Iris M. Heid, Thomas Illig, Claudia Lamina & H-Erich Wichmann

  151. Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Harald Grallert & Thomas Illig

  152. Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig & Annette Peters

  153. Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany

    Jìrgen Gräßler

  154. Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Vilmundur Gudnason & Albert Vernon Smith

  155. Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

    Candace Guiducci, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Elizabeth K. Speliotes, Brian Thomson & Sailaja Vedantam

  156. Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden

    Ulf Gyllensten, Wilmar Igl & Åsa Johansson

  157. Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden

    Ulf Gyllensten & Åsa Johansson

  158. Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK

    Alistair S. Hall

  159. Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Solna,Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden

    Anders Hamsten & Rona J Strawbridge

  160. Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark

    Torben Hansen

  161. Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, California, USA

    Talin Haritunians

  162. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA

    Tamara B. Harris & Lenore J. Launer

  163. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

    Pim van der Harst & Irene M. Leach

  164. Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Anna-Liisa Hartikainen & Anneli Pouta

  165. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Aki S. Havulinna, Pekka Jousilahti, Seppo Koskinen & Veikko Salomaa

  166. MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK

    Caroline Hayward, Jennifer E. Huffman, Veronique Vitart & Alan F. Wright

  167. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA

    Andrew C Heath & Pamela A. Madden

  168. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany

    Johannes Hebebrand & Anke Hinney

  169. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Iris M. Heid, Michael F. Leitzmann & Thomas W. Winkler

  170. Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany

    Iris M. Heid & Thomas W. Winkler

  171. Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Iris M. Heid & H-Erich Wichmann

  172. Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Martin den Heijer

  173. Klinik und Poliklinik fìr Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Christian Hengstenberg

  174. Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin II, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Christian Hengstenberg

  175. Klinik und Poliklinik fìr Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Christian Hengstenberg & Klaus Stark

  176. Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Karl-Heinz Herzig, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Marika Kaakinen

  177. Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Karl-Heinz Herzig

  178. Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, 70210, Finland

    Karl-Heinz Herzig

  179. Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Affiliated Institute of the University of Lìbeck, Lìbeck, Germany, Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy

    Andrew A. Hicks, Irene Pichler, Peter P. Pramstaller & Claudia B. Volpato

  180. Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Affiliated Institute of the University of Lìbeck, Lìbeck, Germany, Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy

    Andrew A. Hicks & Peter P. Pramstaller

  181. Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Affiliated Institute of the University of Lìbeck, Lìbeck, Germany, Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy

    Andrew A. Hicks & Peter P. Pramstaller

  182. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Aroon Hingorani, Mika Kivimaki, Mika Kivmaki, Meena Kumari & Claudia Langenberg

  183. Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Joel N. Hirschhorn & Sailaja Vedantam

  184. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Joel N. Hirschhorn & Sailaja Vedantam

  185. Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Centerfor Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Joel N. Hirschhorn & Sailaja Vedantam

  186. MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK

    Christopher C. Holmes

  187. Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK

    Christopher C. Holmes & George Nicholson

  188. Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany

    Georg Homuth & Alexander Teumer

  189. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Frank B. Hu, David Hunter, Lu Qi & Tsegaselassie Workalemahu

  190. Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Frank B. Hu, David Hunter, Lu Qi & Tsegaselassie Workalemahu

  191. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Frank B. Hu, David Hunter, Peter Kraft & Liming Liang

  192. Department of Biostatistics andBioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, USA

    Yi-Juan Hu

  193. School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia

    Jennie Hui & Arthur W. Musk

  194. Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Heikki Huikuri

  195. Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom

    Steve E. Humphries

  196. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia

    Joseph Hung

  197. Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, 7600, Norway

    Kristian Hveem, Kirsti Kvaloy, Kristian Midthjell & Carl G. P. Platou

  198. Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK

    Elina Hyppönen & Chris Power

  199. Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany

    Thomas Illig

  200. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, 94612, California, USA

    Carlos Iribarren

  201. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94107, California, USA

    Carlos Iribarren

  202. Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, 68601, Finland

    Bo Isomaa

  203. Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA

    Kevin B. Jacobs & Zhaoming Wang

  204. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia

    Alan L. James

  205. Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden

    John-Olov Jansson

  206. Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany

    Ivonne Jarick & Martina Mìller-Nurasyid

  207. Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Marika Kaakinen

  208. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, 90101, Finland

    Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin & Anneli Pouta

  209. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Susanne Moebus, Sonali Pechlivanis, Carolin Pìtter & Andre Scherag

  210. Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, N-7489, Norway

    Åsa Johansson

  211. Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala university hospital, Sweden

    Åsa Johansson

  212. Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

    Toby Johnson

  213. Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, 2600, Denmark

    Torben Jørgensen

  214. Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Torben Jørgensen

  215. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Studies Unit, Turku, 20720, Finland

    Antti Jula

  216. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27514, North Carolina, USA

    Anne E. Justice, Keri L. Monda & Kari E. North

  217. Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520, Finland

    Mika Kähönen

  218. Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland

    Eero Kajantie

  219. Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    W. H. Linda Kao

  220. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Lee M. Kaplan & Elizabeth K. Speliotes

  221. MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Lee M. Kaplan

  222. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 10461, New York, USA

    Robert C. Kaplan

  223. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio, Johannes Kettunen, Kati Kristiansson, Aarno Palotie, Niina Pellikka, Leena Peltonen, Markus Perola, Samuli Ripatti, Kaisa Silander, Ida Surakka & Elisabeth Widen

  224. Department of Public Health, Finnish Twin Cohort Study, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio & Kirsi H. Pietiläinen

  225. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Helsinki, 00271, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio & Robert N. Luben

  226. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

  227. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK

    Fredrik Karpe & Mark I. McCarthy

  228. Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK

    Fredrik Karpe & Mark I. McCarthy

  229. Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Sekar Kathiresan

  230. Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Sekar Kathiresan, Steven A. McCaroll, Shaun Purcell & Benjamin F. Voight

  231. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

    Sekar Kathiresan, Steven A. McCaroll, James Nemesh & Benjamin F. Voight

  232. UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI) Queens University, Belfast

    Frank Kee

  233. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  234. Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  235. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2SR, UK

    Kay-Tee Khaw

  236. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands

    Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Femmie de Vegt & Sita H. Vermeulen

  237. Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands

    Lambertus A. Kiemeney

  238. Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen, 6501, BG, The Netherlands

    Lambertus A. Kiemeney

  239. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, 00271, Finland

    Leena Kinnunen, Jaana Lindström, Jaakko Tuomilehto & Timo T. Valle

  240. Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands

    Melanie M. Van der Klauw, Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk & Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel

  241. LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany

    Marcus E. Kleber

  242. Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Marcus E. Kleber & Winfried März

  243. Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany

    Wolfgang Koenig

  244. Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia

    Ivana Kolcic, Ozren Polasek & Lina Zgaga

  245. 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center 356, Sygrou Ave., Athens, Greece

    Genovefa Kolovou

  246. Institut fìr Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lìbeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lìbeck, Lìbeck, 23562, Germany

    Inke R. König, Christina Loley & Michael Preuss

  247. Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Peter Kovacs

  248. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Peter Kraft & Liming Liang

  249. Institut fìr Pharmakologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany

    Heyo K. Kroemer

  250. Croatian Centre for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia

    Vjekoslav Krzelj & Igor Rudan

  251. MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK

    Diana Kuh, Ken K. Ong & Andrew Wong

  252. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, 00271, Finland

    Kari Kuulasmaa, Veikko Salomaa & Jarmo Virtamo

  253. Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland

    Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso

  254. Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland

    Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso

  255. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, 90220, Finland

    Jaana H. Laitinen

  256. Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

    Timo A. Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa

  257. Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria

    Claudia Lamina

  258. Institut inter-regional pour la sante (IRSA), La Riche, F-37521, France

    Olivier Lantieri

  259. Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, Paris, 91057, France

    G. Mark Lathrop

  260. The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Sang Hong Lee & Peter M. Visscher

  261. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520, Finland

    Terho Lehtimäki

  262. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520, Finland

    Terho Lehtimäki

  263. Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Quebec, Canada

    Guillaume Lettre

  264. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 93405, California, USA

    Douglas F. Levinson

  265. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, 70112, LA, USA

    Shengxu Li

  266. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA

    Dan-Yu Lin

  267. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden

    Lars Lind

  268. Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore

    Jianjun Liu

  269. Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy

    Antonio Liuzzi

  270. Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Marja-Liisa Lokki

  271. The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029, NY, USA

    Ruth J. F. Loos

  272. Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029, NY, USA

    Ruth J. F. Loos

  273. Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029, NY, USA

    Ruth J. F. Loos

  274. Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden

    Mattias Lorentzon, Claes Ohlsson & Liesbeth Vandenput

  275. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK

    Massimo Mangino, Nicole Soranzo & Timothy D. Spector

  276. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology and Dialysis, Milan, 20132, Italy

    Paolo Manunta

  277. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75018, France

    Michel Marre

  278. Cardiovascular Genetics Research Unit, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Nancy, 54000, France

    Michel Marre

  279. Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Sarah E. Medland & Nicholas G. Martin

  280. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 4029, Queensland, Australia

    Grant W. Montgomery, Sarah E. Medland, Nicholas G. Martin & Jian Yang

  281. Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany

    Winfried März

  282. Department of Social Medicine, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK

    Wendy L. McArdle

  283. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK

    Wendy L. McArdle

  284. Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Steven A. McCaroll & Benjamin F. Voight

  285. Division of Health, Research Board, An Bord Taighde Sláinte, Dublin, 2, Ireland

    Anne McCarthy

  286. Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Mìnchen, Munich, 81675, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  287. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  288. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMasterUniversity, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Ontario, Canada

    David Meyre

  289. Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands

    Josine L. Min

  290. Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Cliona Molony

  291. Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousands Oaks, 91320, CA

    Keri L. Monda

  292. Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Grant W. Montgomery

  293. Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, 19406, USA

    Vincent Mooser

  294. Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY

    Andrew D. Morris & Colin N. A. Palmer

  295. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W. Mìhleisen & Markus M. Nöthen

  296. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W. Mìhleisen & Markus M. Nöthen

  297. Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Martina Mìller-Nurasyid

  298. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany

    Martina Mìller-Nurasyid

  299. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Australia

    Arthur W. Musk

  300. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA

    Benjamin M. Neale

  301. MRC Harwell, Harwell, UK

    George Nicholson

  302. Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029, Finland

    Markku S. Nieminen & Juha Sinisalo

  303. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

    Inger Njølstad & Tom Wilsgaard

  304. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

    Inger Njølstad

  305. Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark

    Ellen A. Nohr

  306. Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Dept of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands

    Ilja M. Nolte & Harold Snieder

  307. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Ilja M. Nolte & Ronald P. Stolk

  308. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27514, North Carolina, USA

    Kari E. North

  309. Neurogenetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Dale R. Nyholt

  310. Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

    Albertine J. Oldehinkel

  311. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZC, The Netherlands

    Gert-Jan van Ommen

  312. Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands

    Ben A. Oostra

  313. Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Ben A. Oostra

  314. NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK

    Willem H. Ouwehand, Aparna Radhakrishnan, Augusto Rendon, Jennifer G. Sambrook & Jonathan C. Stephens

  315. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8N3Z5, Ontario, Canada

    Guillaume Paré

  316. Amgen, Cambridge, 02139, Massachusetts, USA

    Alex N. Parker

  317. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, OX3 9DU, Oxford

    John F. Peden

  318. Illumina Inc. Cambridge, USA

    John F. Peden

  319. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark

    Oluf Pedersen

  320. Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark

    Oluf Pedersen

  321. The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

    Leena Peltonen & Shaun Purcell

  322. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Leena Peltonen

  323. Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands

    Brenda Penninx & Jan H. Smit

  324. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands

    Brenda Penninx

  325. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands

    Brenda Penninx

  326. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Mìnchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Annette Peters & Barbara Thorand

  327. Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany

    Annette Peters

  328. Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Kirsi H. Pietiläinen & Aila Rissanen

  329. Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, The Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust, Levanger, 7600, Norway

    Carl G. P. Platou

  330. Gen-Info Ltd, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia

    Ozren Polasek

  331. Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia

    Ozren Polasek

  332. Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

    Peter P. Pramstaller

  333. Department of Neurology, University of Lìbeck, Lìbeck, Germany

    Peter P. Pramstaller

  334. Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  335. Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, 98101, Washington, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  336. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Shaun Purcell

  337. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  338. The Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  339. The Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  340. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Rainer Rauramaa

  341. MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK

    Augusto Rendon

  342. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, 20502, Sweden

    Martin Ridderstråle

  343. Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, Tampere, 33680, Finland

    Timo E. Saaristo

  344. Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland

    Timo E. Saaristo

  345. Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lìbeck Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lìbeck, D-23538, Germany

    Hendrik Sager

  346. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK

    Nilesh J. Samani

  347. Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK

    Nilesh J. Samani

  348. South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, 53130, Finland

    Jouko Saramies

  349. Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA

    Eric E. Schadt

  350. Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, 98109, Washington, USA

    Eric E. Schadt

  351. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, 10029-6574, NY, USA

    Eric E. Schadt

  352. Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, 10029-6574, NY, USA

    Eric E. Schadt

  353. Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Sabine Schipf

  354. Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, Maryland, USA

    David Schlessinger

  355. Institut fìr Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany

    Stefan Schreiber

  356. Department of Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, University of Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany

    Peter E. H. Schwarz

  357. Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, 21201, Maryland, USA

    Alan R. Shuldiner

  358. Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Sweden

    Dmitry Shungin

  359. Azienda ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Milano, Italy

    Stefano Signorini

  360. Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

  361. Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Elizabeth K. Speliotes

  362. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Elizabeth K. Speliotes

  363. University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland

    Alena Stančáková

  364. Regensburg University Medical Center, Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine II, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Klaus Stark

  365. deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland

    Kari Stefansson, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & G. Bragi Walters

  366. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 101, Iceland

    Kari Stefansson & Unnur Thorsteinsdottir

  367. Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK

    David P Strachan

  368. Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK

    David P Strachan

  369. Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Michael Stumvoll & Anke Tönjes

  370. LIFE Study Centre, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

    Michael Stumvoll

  371. University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

    Michael Stumvoll & Anke Tönjes

  372. Uppsala University / Dept. of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden

    Ann-Christine Syvanen

  373. Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Anke Tönjes

  374. INSERM UMR_S 937, ICAN Institute, Pierre et Marie Curie Medical School, Paris, 75013, France

    David-Alexandre Tregouet

  375. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Monzino Cardiology Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

    Elena Tremoli

  376. Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Centre, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Mieke D. Trip

  377. Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00290, Finland

    Tiinamaija Tuomi

  378. Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Tiinamaija Tuomi

  379. Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  380. South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinajoki, 60220, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  381. Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, 28046, Spain

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  382. Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, 3500, Austria

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  383. Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK

    Jonathan Tyrer

  384. Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland

    Matti Uusitupa

  385. Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Matti Uusitupa

  386. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands

    Sita H. Vermeulen

  387. Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland

    Jorma Viikari

  388. Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 4006, Queensland, Australia

    Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

  389. Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland

    Peter Vollenweider & Gérard Waeber

  390. Institut fìr Community Medicine, Greifswald, 17489, Germany

    Henry Völzke

  391. Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Henry Völzke

  392. Institut fìr Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Henri Wallaschofski

  393. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany

    Henri Wallaschofski

  394. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA

    Richard M. Watanabe

  395. Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, 81377, Germany

    H-Erich Wichmann

  396. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Munich, 81377, Germany

    H-Erich Wichmann

  397. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

    H-Erich Wichmann

  398. Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

    H-Erich Wichmann

  399. Cardiology Group, Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, Germany

    Bernhard R. Winkelmann

  400. Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark

    Daniel R. Witte

  401. Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK

    John W. G. Yarnell

  402. Department of Physiatrics, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, 96101, Finland

    Paavo Zitting

  403. Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford., OX3 7BN

    Krina T. Zondervan

Authors
  1. Matthew R. Robinson
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  2. Aaron Kleinman
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  3. Mariaelisa Graff
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  4. Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen
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  5. David Couper
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  6. Michael B. Miller
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  7. Wouter J. Peyrot
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  8. Abdel Abdellaoui
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  9. Brendan P. Zietsch
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  10. Ilja M. Nolte
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  11. Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
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  12. Harold Snieder
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  13. Sarah E. Medland
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  14. Nicholas G. Martin
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  15. Patrik K. E. Magnusson
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  16. William G. Iacono
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  17. Matt McGue
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  18. Kari E. North
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  19. Jian Yang
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  20. Peter M. Visscher
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Consortia

The LifeLines Cohort Study

  • Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
  • , H. Marike Boezen
  • , Lude Franke
  • , Pim van der Harst
  • , Gerjan Navis
  • , Marianne Rots
  • , Harold Snieder
  • , Morris Swertz
  • , Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
  •  & Cisca Wijmenga

Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium

  • Goncalo R. Abecasis
  • , Devin Absher
  • , Helene Alavere
  • , Eva Albrecht
  • , Hana Lango Allen
  • , Peter Almgren
  • , Najaf Amin
  • , Philippe Amouyel
  • , Denise Anderson
  • , Alice M. Arnold
  • , Dominique Arveiler
  • , Thor Aspelund
  • , Folkert W. Asselbergs
  • , Themistocles L. Assimes
  • , Mustafa Atalay
  • , Antony P. Attwood
  • , Larry D. Atwood
  • , Stephan J. L. Bakker
  • , Beverley Balkau
  • , Anthony J. Balmforth
  • , Cristina Barlassina
  • , Inês Barroso
  • , Hanneke Basart
  • , Sabrina Bauer
  • , Jacques S. Beckmann
  • , John P. Beilby
  • , Amanda J. Bennett
  • , Yoav Ben-Shlomo
  • , Richard N. Bergman
  • , Sven Bergmann
  • , Sonja I. Berndt
  • , Reiner Biffar
  • , Anna Maria Di Blasio
  • , Bernhard O. Boehm
  • , Michael Boehnke
  • , Heiner Boeing
  • , Eric Boerwinkle
  • , Jennifer L. Bolton
  • , Amélie Bonnefond
  • , Lori L. Bonnycastle
  • , Dorret I. Boomsma
  • , Ingrid B. Borecki
  • , Stefan R. Bornstein
  • , Nabila Bouatia-Naji
  • , Gabrielle Boucher
  • , Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
  • , Paolo Brambilla
  • , Marcel Bruinenberg
  • , Thomas A. Buchanan
  • , Christa Buechler
  • , Gemma Cadby
  • , Harry Campbell
  • , Mark J. Caulfield
  • , Christine Cavalcanti-Proença
  • , Giancarlo Cesana
  • , Stephen J. Chanock
  • , Daniel I. Chasman
  • , Yii-Der Ida Chen
  • , Peter S. Chines
  • , Deborah J Clegg
  • , Lachlan Coin
  • , Francis S. Collins
  • , John M. Connell
  • , William Cookson
  • , Matthew N. Cooper
  • , Damien C. Croteau-Chonka
  • , L. Adrienne Cupples
  • , Daniele Cusi
  • , Felix R. Day
  • , Ian N. M. Day
  • , George V. Dedoussis
  • , Mariano Dei
  • , Panos Deloukas
  • , Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
  • , Antigone S. Dimas
  • , Maria Dimitriou
  • , Anna L. Dixon
  • , Marcus Dörr
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Contributions

M.R.R., J.Y. and P.M.V. conceived and designed the study. M.R.R., A.K. and M.G. analysed the data. M.R.R. devised and performed the simulations. A.A.E.V., W.J.P., A.A., B.Z., S.M. provided statistical support. 23andMe Inc., The LifeLines cohort, GIANT consortium, G.W.M., N.G.M., M.L., P.L., D.C., J.V.V.O., M.B.M., H.S., W.G.I., P.K.E.M, N.L.P, M.McG. and K.E.N. provided study oversight, sample collection and management. M.R.R. and P.M.V. derived the theory and wrote the manuscript. All collaborators reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Matthew R. Robinson or Peter M. Visscher.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Supplementary Figures 1–9, Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Note, Supplementary Methods, Supplementary References, Author Lists (PDF 3325 kb)

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Robinson, M., Kleinman, A., Graff, M. et al. Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans. Nat Hum Behav 1, 0016 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0016

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