Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Rapid recycling of subducted sedimentary carbon revealed by Afghanistan carbonatite volcano

Nature Geoscience volume 14, pages 508–512 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

The fate of carbon subducted to mantle depths remains uncertain, yet strongly influences the distribution of terrestrial carbon on geologic timescales. Carbon fluxes into subduction zones are exceptionally high where downgoing plates contain thick sedimentary fans. This study uses volcano geochemistry to assess sedimentary carbon recycling in the high-flux Makran subduction zone, where the Arabian plate subducts northward beneath Eurasia. On the basis of strontium isotope geochemistry and 40Ar–39Ar geochronology, I show that a portion of the submarine Indus Fan entered the Makran Trench, melted and ascended as magmas that erupted in southern Afghanistan. The resulting volcano, composed primarily of carbonate minerals, formed at approximately 3.8 million years ago. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the lavas indicate that their magmatic precursors were derived from marine sediments deposited at 28.9 ± 1.4 Ma. This implies that sedimentary carbon was subducted to and returned from mantle depths in less than 27 million years, indicating that magmas can efficiently recycle sedimentary carbon from subducting slabs to the overlying plate.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Learn more

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Map of the Makran subduction zone and volcanic arc.
Fig. 2: 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratio systematics of the Makran arc.
Fig. 3: Strontium isotopic evidence of rapid sediment recycling.
Fig. 4: Schematic cross-section of the eastern Makran subduction zone.

Data availability

The Ar–Ar geochronology and strontium isotope results are publicly available via EarthChem (https://doi.org/10.26022/IEDA/111960).

References

  1. Plank, T. & Manning, C. E. Subducting carbon. Nature 574, 343–352 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Behn, M. D., Kelemen, P. B., Hirth, G., Hacker, B. R. & Massonne, H.-J. Diapirs as the source of the sediment signature in arc lavas. Nat. Geosci. 4, 641–646 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Thomsen, T. B. & Schmidt, M. W. Melting of carbonated pelites at 2.5–5.0 GPa, silicate–carbonatite liquid immiscibility, and potassium–carbon metasomatism of the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 267, 17–31 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mallik, A. & Dasgupta, R. Reactive infiltration of MORB-eclogite-derived carbonated silicate melt into fertile peridotite at 3 GPa and genesis of alkalic magmas. J. Petrol. 54, 2267–2300 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hirschmann, M. M. Comparative deep Earth volatile cycles: the case for C recycling from exosphere/mantle fractionation of major (H2O, C, N) volatiles and from H2O/Ce, CO2/Ba, and CO2/Nb exosphere ratios. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 502, 262–273 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kelemen, P. B. & Manning, C. E. Reevaluating carbon fluxes in subduction zones, what goes down, mostly comes up. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, E3997–E4006 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dasgupta, R. Ingassing, storage, and outgassing of terrestrial carbon through geologic time. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 75, 183–229 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Aiuppa, A., Fischer, T. P., Plank, T. & Bani, P. CO2 flux emissions from the Earth’s most actively degassing volcanoes, 2005–2015. Sci. Rep. 9, 5442 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Clift, P. D. A revised budget for Cenozoic sedimentary carbon subduction. Rev. Geophys. 55, 97–125 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Burg, J.-P. Geology of the onshore Makran accretionary wedge: synthesis and tectonic interpretation. Earth Sci. Rev. 185, 1210–1231 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pang, K.-N., Chung, S.-L., Zarrinkoub, M. H., Chiu, H.-Y. & Li, X.-H. On the magmatic record of the Makran arc, southeastern Iran: insights from zircon U-Pb geochronology and bulk-rock geochemistry. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 15, 2151–2169 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hammouda, T. & Keshav, S. Melting in the mantle in the presence of carbon: review of experiments and discussion on the origin of carbonatites. Chem. Geol. 418, 171–188 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bell, K. & Simonetti, A. Source of parental melts to carbonatites–critical isotopic constraints. Mineral. Petrol. 98, 77–89 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hoernle, K., Tilton, G., Le Bas, M. J., Duggen, S. & Garbe-Schönberg, D. Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 142, 520–542 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hulett, S. R., Simonetti, A., Rasbury, E. T. & Hemming, N. G. Recycling of subducted crustal components into carbonatite melts revealed by boron isotopes. Nat. Geosci. 9, 904–908 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Amsellem, E. et al. Calcium isotopic evidence for the mantle sources of carbonatites. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba3269 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Penney, C. et al. Megathrust and accretionary wedge properties and behaviour in the Makran subduction zone. Geophys. J. Int. 209, 1800–1830 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Smith, G., McNeill, L., Henstock, T. J. & Bull, J. The structure and fault activity of the Makran accretionary prism. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 117, B07407 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pang, K.-N., Teng, F.-Z., Sun, Y., Chung, S.-L. & Zarrinkoub, M. H. Magnesium isotopic systematics of the Makran arc magmas, Iran: implications for crust-mantle Mg isotopic balance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 278, 110–121 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Motaghi, K., Shabanian, E. & Nozad-Khalil, T. Deep structure of the western coast of the Makran subduction zone, SE Iran. Tectonophysics 776, 228314 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Simmons, N. A., Myers, S. C. & Johannesson, G. Global-scale P wave tomography optimized for prediction of teleseismic and regional travel times for Middle East events: 2. Tomographic inversion. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 116, B04305 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Al-Lazki, A. I., Al-Damegh, K. S., El-Hadidy, S. Y., Ghods, A. & Tatar, M. Pn-velocity structure beneath Arabia–Eurasia Zagros collision and Makran subduction zones. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 392, 45–60 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tucker, R. D., Belkin, H. E., Schulz, K. J., Peters, S. G. & Buttleman, K. P. Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan (US Geological Survey, 2011).

  24. Tucker, R. D. et al. A major light rare-earth element (LREE) resource in the Khanneshin carbonatite complex, southern Afghanistan. Econ. Geol. 107, 197–208 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Woolley, A. R. & Church, A. A. Extrusive carbonatites: a brief review. Lithos 85, 1–14 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ayuso, R. et al. Preliminary radiogenic isotope study on the origin of the Khanneshin carbonatite complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan. J. Geochem. Explor. 133, 6–14 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Horton, F., Nielsen, S., Shu, Y., Gagnon, A. & Blusztajn, J. Thallium isotopes reveal brine activity during carbonatite magmatism. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 22, e2020GC009472 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Maggi, A., Jackson, J. A., Priestley, K. & Baker, C. A re-assessment of focal depth distributions in southern Iran, the Tien Shan and northern India: do earthquakes really occur in the continental mantle? Geophys. J. Int. 143, 629–661 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Saadat, S. & Stern, C. R. Petrochemistry and genesis of olivine basalts from small monogenetic parasitic cones of Bazman stratovolcano, Makran arc, southeastern Iran. Lithos 125, 607–619 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith, G. L., McNeill, L. C., Wang, K., He, J. & Henstock, T. J. Thermal structure and megathrust seismogenic potential of the Makran subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1528–1533 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Robert, A. M., Fernàndez, M., Jiménez-Munt, I. & Vergés, J. Lithospheric structure in Central Eurasia derived from elevation, geoid anomaly and thermal analysis. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 427, 271–293 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Gonzalez, C. M., Gorczyk, W. & Gerya, T. V. Decarbonation of subducting slabs: insight from petrological–thermomechanical modeling. Gondwana Res. 36, 314–332 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Jarrard, R. D. & Lyle, M. High-resolution geochemical variations at sites 723, 728, and 731: a comparision of X-ray fluorescence and geochemical logs. Proc. Ocean Drill. Prog. Sci. Results 117, 473–498 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Tsuno, K. & Dasgupta, R. The effect of carbonates on near-solidus melting of pelite at 3 GPa: Relative efficiency of H2O and CO2 subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 319, 185–196 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. White, W. M. & Hofmann, A. W. Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of oceanic basalts and mantle evolution. Nature 296, 821–825 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. White, W. M. Isotopes, DUPAL, LLSVPs, and anekantavada. Chem. Geol. 419, 10–28 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Clift, P. D. et al. Nd and Pb isotope variability in the Indus River System: implications for sediment provenance and crustal heterogeneity in the Western Himalaya. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 200, 91–106 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Whitney, J. W. Geology, Water and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan (US Geological Survey, 2006).

  39. Artemieva, I. M. Global 1° × 1° thermal model TC1 for the continental lithosphere: implications for lithosphere secular evolution. Tectonophysics 416, 245–277 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Clift, P. D. et al. Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 113, 1039–1051 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. McArthur, J. M., Howarth, R. J. & Shields, G. A. in The Geologic Time Scale (eds Gradstein, M. A. et al.) 127–144 (Elsevier, 2012).

  42. Platt, J. P., Leggett, J. K., Young, J., Raza, H. & Alam, S. Large-scale sediment underplating in the Makran accretionary prism, southwest Pakistan. Geology 13, 507–511 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sleep, N. H. Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, Q11010 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wyllie, P. J. & Huang, W.-L. Peridotite, kimberlite, and carbonatite explained in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2. Geology 3, 621–624 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Carn, S. A., Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Li, C. & Krotkov, N. A. A decade of global volcanic SO2 emissions measured from space. Sci. Rep. 7, 44095 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Werner, C. et al. in Deep Carbon: Past to Present (eds Orcutt, B. N. et al.) 188–236 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).

  47. Brantley, S. L. & Koepenick, K. W. Measured carbon dioxide emissions from Oldoinyo Lengai and the skewed distribution of passive volcanic fluxes. Geology 23, 933–936 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang, M. et al. Magma-derived CO2 emissions in the Tengchong volcanic field, SE Tibet: implications for deep carbon cycle at intra-continent subduction zone. J. Asian Earth Sci. 127, 76–90 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Huang, J. & Zhao, D. High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 111, B09305 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. House, B. M., Bebout, G. E. & Hilton, D. R. Carbon cycling at the Sunda margin, Indonesia: a regional study with global implications. Geology 47, 483–486 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Jackson, M. G. & Hart, S. R. Strontium isotopes in melt inclusions from Samoan basalts: implications for heterogeneity in the Samoan plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245, 260–277 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kuiper, K. F. et al. Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history. Science 320, 500–504 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Cahoon, E. B., Streck, M. J., Koppers, A. A. & Miggins, D. P. Reshuffling the Columbia River Basalt chronology—Picture Gorge Basalt, the earliest- and longest-erupting formation. Geology 48, 348–352 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Koppers, A. A. ArArCALC—software for 40Ar/39Ar age calculations. Comput. Geosci. 28, 605–619 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Steiger, R. H. & Jäger, E. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36, 359–362 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Min, K., Mundil, R., Renne, P. R. & Ludwig, K. R. A test for systematic errors in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology through comparison with U/Pb analysis of a 1.1-Ga rhyolite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 73–98 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Alkhazov, V. Y., Atakishiyev, Z. M. & Azimi, N. A. Geology and mineral resources of the early Quaternary Khanneshin carbonatite volcano (Southern Afghanistan). Int. Geol. Rev. 20, 281–285 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Plank, T. & Langmuir, C. H. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chem. Geol. 145, 325–394 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. McDonough, W. F. & Sun, S. S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 223–253 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

R. Seal at the US Geological Survey granted access to the samples, which were collected by the US Geological Survey and the US Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations personnel led by R. Tucker and E. King. The Afghanistan Geological Survey provided access to Soviet reports about the Khanneshin volcano that were essential for the fieldwork. The Afghanistan Ministry of Mines and Petroleum granted permission for sample collection. Combined Forces Special Operations Command - Afghanistan provided logistics and security support. At the time of sample collection, F.H. was an employee of TFBSO. J. Blusztajn and D. Miggins carried out the strontium isotope analyses and Ar–Ar geochronology, respectively. Discussions with S. Nielsen and G. Gaetani improved this paper. This project was supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Independent Research & Development Program and a National Science Foundation grant (EAR number 1911699) awarded to F.H.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    Forrest Horton

Authors
  1. Forrest Horton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Forrest Horton.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Additional information

Peer review information Nature Geoscience thanks Elsa Amsellem, Kwan-Nang Pang and Sabin Zahirovic for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Rebecca Neely.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Geologic map of the Khanneshin volcano showing sample locations.

The core of the central vent consists mostly of sövite with abundant fenite xenoliths. Outer portions of the central vent are composed mostly of ankerite-barite carbonatite, inferred to be younger than the sövite because they host sövite xenoliths. Samples (white circles) were collected from two drainages that exit the massif to the northeast. This figure is a modified version of the geologic map published by ref. 27, which is based on ref. 57 and ref. 23.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Mineralogy and petrology of sandstone sample FH-10KH-10.

a, Sawed surface image. The sedimentary clasts are dominantly K-feldspar. Bedding is defined by alternating sandstone and siltstone layers, of which the latter appear darker because they have more interstitial Fe-oxide. The rock is brecciated and crosscut by calcium carbonate veins. B, Closer inspection of a carbonate vein reveals anastomosing networks of smaller veins extending into the sandstone. Beneath the large vein is a porous metasomatized region where cavities are partially filled by carbonate minerals, including minor amounts of REE-carbonates. C, Thin section photomicrograph. Along calcium carbonate vein margins are secondary Fe-Mn-oxides (black).

Extended Data Fig. 3 Mineralogy and petrology of representative sövite samples.

a, KHAN-1, hand sample image. Medium- to coarse-grained calcite carbonatite contains fine-grained biotite. Three small fenite xenoliths are visible in the upper left. b, KHAN-1, PPL. Small fenite xenoliths, like the one imaged here, are composed of biotite. They share sharp and diffuse boundaries with the surrounding calcite matrix. c, KHAN-2, sawed surface image. Larger fenite xenoliths are highly brecciated and crosscut by calcite veins. d, KHAN-2, XPL. Large twinned calcite crystal with Fe-oxide and biotite inclusions. Contact twinning separates the upper and lower portions of the crystal, both of which have subtle lamellae twins. e, KHAN-2, sawed surface image. Large fenite xenoliths have brecciated textures and are crosscut by multiple generations of veins. The white veins are calcite and the green vein, bound by dashed lines, is mostly apatite. f, KHAN-2, XPL. Apatite also forms clusters with biotite in the calcite matrix of sövite samples. g, KHAN-2, XPL. Large brecciated fenite xenoliths have biotite-rich zones adjacent to calcite veins and fine-grained interiors composed of biotite and K-feldspar. h, RT-10K-09, hand sample image. This sövite contains large (>1 cm) phlogopite books intergrown with coarse calcium carbonate. i, RT-10K-09, XPL. Calcite twin lamellae are visible in this sample. Mineral abbreviations: ap = apatite, bio = biotite, cc = calcium carbonate, kfs = K-feldspar. Hand sample and sawed surface images were taken on a stereomicroscope. Thin section images were taken on a polarizing microscope under plain polarized light (PPL) or cross polarized light (XPL).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Mineralogy and petrology of representative ankerite-barite carbonatite samples.

a, FH-10K-08, sawed surface image. Lath-shaped intergrowths of barium, calcium carbonate, and ankerite form the matrix of this carbonatite. Fe-Mn oxides are present and REE-carbonates line the walls of cavities. b, FH-10K-08, PPL. The complex textures of the barium-calcium carbonate intergrowths—perhaps pseudomorphs after witherite—can be observed. Tetraferriphlogopite also exists in this sample as a minor phase. c, RT-10K-03, sawed surface image. Ankerite-barite carbonatites also contain fenite xenoliths, as shown here. REE carbonates appear yellow. d, RT-10K-03, PPL. Ankerite-barite carbonatites exhibit varied textures. Here, barite (outlined with a dashed line) and ankerite are surrounded by a finer-grained matrix of calcium carbonate. e, RT-10K-11, sawed surface image. Intergrowths of ankerite and Fe-oxides often form clusters. f, RT-10K-11, PPL. Tabular barite crystals occur in intimate association with ankerite and Fe-oxide. g, RT-10K-07, sawed surface image. Some samples are relatively homogeneous on the cm scale. Here, ankerite (grey) surrounds intergrowths of barite (white) and calcium carbonate (also white). Yellow regions contain REE minerals hosted in cavities. h, RT-10K-07, PPL. Tetraferriphlogopite is sometime rimmed by REE-carbonate minerals and tends to be associated with barite-calcium carbonate intergrowths. i, RT-10K-03, XPL. Solitary fluorite crystals (isotropic) exist in some ankerite-barite carbonatites and are rimmed by calcium carbonate. Mineral abbreviations: ank = ankerite, ba = barite cc = calcium carbonate, fl = fluorite, tfp = tetraferriphlogopite, REE = rare earth element carbonate minerals.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Mineralogy and petrology of REE-rich ankerite barite carbonatites.

a, RT-11K-4A0, sawed surface image. Aggregates of yellow REE-carbonates in a matrix of ankerite, barite, and calcite. Clusters of REE-carbonate and strontianite form lighter yellow clusters. b, RT- 11K-4A0, XPL. Contact between REE-carbonate aggregates and ankerite-barite-calcite matrix. c, RT-11K-5B3B, sawed surface image. Ankerite (dark brown patches) plus calcium carbonate (grey) zones alternate with barite, strontianite, and REE-carbonate aggregates. d, RT-11K-5B3B, XPL. Spherulitic acicular strontianite occurs in association with ankerite, calcium carbonate, and barite. e, RT-11K-2B, XPL. In some cases, subhedral domains of barite and ankerite are rimmed by zones of ankerite, strontianite plus REE-carbonates, and apatite. f, RT-11K-5B6C, XPL. Mn oxides occur as veins and clusters. Here, tabular Mn-oxide in a vein contains interstitial calcium carbonate, which grades into intergrowths of strontianite and REE-carbonate minerals. Mineral abbreviations: ank = ankerite, ba = barite, cc = calcium carbonate, REE = rare earth element carbonate minerals, str = strontianite.

Extended Data Fig. 6 40Ar/39Ar plateau diagrams.

a–c, Step heating analyses of RT-10K-09 phlogopite aliquots 1–3, respectively.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Trace element model.

a, The trace element concentrations in the Khanneshin carbonatite samples vary by roughly 1–2 orders of magnitude for each element (grey shaded region). In general, sövite samples are less enriched than ankerite-barite carbonatites. Colored lines represent mean compositions for Khanneshin sövites and ankerite-barite carbonatites with (“REE”) and without (“A-B C”) abundant REE minerals. b, The modeled composition of carbonatitic melt derived from subducted Makran sedimentary material—assumed to equal average Indus Fan sediments58—and Khanneshin carbonatite samples (grey shaded region) have similar trace element patterns. The model assumes that 30% melting of subducted sediments produced a carbonated silicate magma that separated into immiscible carbonatitic and silicate magmas during ascent. See Supplementary Information text for details. All values are normalized to primitive mantle59.

Extended Data Table 1 87Sr/86Sr results for 20 Khanneshin carbonatite samples and one sandstone
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Trace element abundances (µg/g) in the Khanneshin samples23,27
Full size table

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Sample descriptions and trace element model.

Supplementary Data 1

The complete 40Ar–39Ar geochronology report received from Oregon State University Argon Geochronology Laboratory for RT-10K-09 phlogopite aliquot 1.

Supplementary Data 2

The complete 40Ar–39Ar geochronology report received from Oregon State University Argon Geochronology Laboratory for RT-10K-09 phlogopite aliquot 2.

Supplementary Data 3

The complete 40Ar–39Ar geochronology report received from Oregon State University Argon Geochronology Laboratory for RT-10K-09 phlogopite aliquot 3.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Horton, F. Rapid recycling of subducted sedimentary carbon revealed by Afghanistan carbonatite volcano. Nat. Geosci. 14, 508–512 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00764-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00764-7

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing