Fig. 3: Valley network origin in the context of the Icy Highlands model.

Global elevation map of Mars (blended MOLA/HRSC DEM at 200 m per pixel resolution; Methods) showcasing the valley network classification results and confidence values in the context of the ice terminus¹⁵ (dark blue) and equilibrium¹⁵ (light blue) lines for the LNIH scenario^14,15.