Abstract
The discovery of young thrust faults on the Moon is evidence of recent tectonic activity, but how recent is unknown. Seismometers at four Apollo landing sites recorded 28 shallow moonquakes between 1969 and 1977. Some of these shallow quakes could be associated with activity on the young faults. However, the epicentre locations of these quakes are poorly constrained. Here we present more-accurate estimates of the epicentre locations, based on an algorithm for sparse seismic networks. We found that the epicentres of eight near-surface quakes fall within 30 km of a fault scarp, the distance of the expected strong ground shaking. From an analysis of the timing of these eight events, we found that six occurred when the Moon was less than 15,000 km from the apogee distance. Analytical modelling of tidal forces that contribute to the current lunar stress state indicates that seven near-apogee events within 60 km of a fault scarp occur at or near the time of peak compressional stresses, when fault slip events are most likely. We conclude that the proximity of moonquakes to the young thrust faults together with evidence of regolith disturbance and boulder movements on and near the fault scarps strongly suggest the Moon is tectonically active.
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Data availability
The images and data used in this study are available on the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum Data Repository website (https://airandspace.si.edu/research/data-repository). The raw and calibrated image data that support the findings of this study are available from Planetary Data System Cartography and Imaging Sciences Node, LROC Data Archive at the LROC Data Node http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/rdr_product_select.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. Nahm and T. Kawamura for their thoughtful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript, and we also thank M. S. Robinson and the LROC team. We gratefully acknowledge the LRO engineers and technical support personnel. This work was supported by the LRO Project and an ASU LROC Contract (T.R.W.). C.L.J. acknowledges support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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T.R.W. drafted the manuscript. R.C.W. and I.J.H. relocated the shallow moonquakes and R.C.W. analysed the timing and EMD, G.C.C. modelled the stress magnitudes and orientations, N.C.S. generated the seismic shake maps and C.L.J. and R.C.W. assisted with the statistical analysis. All the authors contributed to the interpretation and analysis.
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Supplementary text, Supplementary Figs. 1–6, Supplementary Tables 1–3, relocated epicentres table and Supplementary references.
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Watters, T.R., Weber, R.C., Collins, G.C. et al. Shallow seismic activity and young thrust faults on the Moon. Nat. Geosci. 12, 411–417 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0362-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0362-2
