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Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages

A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 05 February 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

Endorheic (hydrologically landlocked) basins spatially concur with arid/semi-arid climates. Given limited precipitation but high potential evaporation, their water storage is vulnerable to subtle flux perturbations, which are exacerbated by global warming and human activities. Increasing regional evidence suggests a probably recent net decline in endorheic water storage, but this remains unquantified at a global scale. By integrating satellite observations and hydrological modelling, we reveal that during 2002–2016 the global endorheic system experienced a widespread water loss of about 106.3 Gt yr−1, attributed to comparable losses in surface water, soil moisture and groundwater. This decadal decline, disparate from water storage fluctuations in exorheic basins, appears less sensitive to El Niño–Southern Oscillation-driven climate variability, which implies a possible response to longer-term climate conditions and human water management. In the mass-conserved hydrosphere, such an endorheic water loss not only exacerbates local water stress, but also imposes excess water on exorheic basins, leading to a potential sea level rise that matches the contribution of nearly half of the land glacier retreat (excluding Greenland and Antarctica). Given these dual ramifications, we suggest the necessity for long-term monitoring of water storage variation in the global endorheic system and the inclusion of its net contribution to future sea level budgeting.

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Fig. 1: TWS changes within global endorheic and exorheic basins from GRACE observations, April 2002 to March 2016.
Fig. 2: Link between TWS anomalies and ENSO.
Fig. 3: Endorheic TWS changes in different geographic zones.
Fig. 4: Endorheic net TWS changes partitioned into contributions of different hydrological storages.

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Code availability

All analytical codes generated in this paper are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Data availability

Calculated water storage changes in global endorheic regions are distributed through PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.895895). Storage changes in major lakes and reservoirs are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Glacier mass change data are available through Nature Geoscience article https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2999.

Change history

  • 05 February 2019

    In the version of this Article originally published, in the section ‘Defining endorheic regions’ in Methods, the sentence starting “These watersheds were aggregated…” contained the phrase “(~100,000 thousand km2)”; this should have read (~100,000 km2) and has now been amended.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Kansas State University faculty start-up fund to J.W., NASA Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Grant (no. NNX16AH85G) to Y.S. and China’s Thousand Young Talents Program (no. Y7QR011001) to C.S. This work was funded in part by the NASA Sea Level Change team. A portion of this research was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. Assistance for the endorheic basin aggregation and lake mapping was provided by M. Ding, T. Urano and C. Bailey (Kansas State University). We thank E. Berthier (OMP/LEGOS) for support in providing glacier mass change data and comments on the manuscript, and L. Ke, H. Pan and S. Zhan (UCLA) for helping collect meteorological and altimetry data. Constructive suggestions were provided by K. Yang (University of Colorado Boulder) on the SWE validation, Q. Cao (UCLA) on the soil moisture validation, M. Ménégoz (Barcelona Supercomputing Center) on climate variability and J. M. McAlister (Oklahoma State University) on scientific implications and writing.

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J.W. and C.S. conceived the presented study and performed the analysis. Y.S. initiated the separation of endorheic and exorheic basins. F.B. contributed to data analysis of glacier mass changes. Y.W. and H.M.S. provided model simulations and contributed to water balance analyses. F.Y. participated in model validations and lake storage analysis. J.W., J.T.R. and C.S. developed and conducted the assessment of mascon rescaling uncertainties, with constructive feedback from Y.W. and F.Y. Y.W., G.M.M., J.S.F., H.M.S. and R.A.M. provided critical insights on method design and result interpretation. J.W. wrote the initial draft of the paper, with substantial contributions from all authors.

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Correspondence to Jida Wang.

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Wang, J., Song, C., Reager, J.T. et al. Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages. Nature Geosci 11, 926–932 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0265-7

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