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Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints

Nature Geoscience volume 11, pages 102–107 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

To restrict global warming to below the agreed targets requires limiting carbon emissions, the principal driver of anthropogenic warming. However, there is significant uncertainty in projecting the amount of carbon that can be emitted, in part due to the limited number of Earth system model simulations and their discrepancies with present-day observations. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to reduce the uncertainty of climate projections; using theory and geological evidence we generate a very large ensemble (3 × 104) of projections that closely match records for nine key climate metrics, which include warming and ocean heat content. Our analysis narrows the uncertainty in surface-warming projections and reduces the range in equilibrium climate sensitivity. We find that a warming target of 1.5 °C above the pre-industrial level requires the total emitted carbon from the start of year 2017 to be less than 195–205 PgC (in over 66% of the simulations), whereas a warming target of 2 °C is only likely if the emitted carbon remains less than 395–455 PgC. At the current emission rates, these warming targets are reached in 17–18 years and 35–41 years, respectively, so that there is a limited window to develop a more carbon-efficient future.

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Fig. 1: Surface warming projections and ocean heat content anomalies.
Fig. 2: Global mean surface temperature anomaly over time from observations and model simulations.
Fig. 3: Model ensemble parameter distributions.
Fig. 4: Cumulative carbon emissions and warming projections from our observationally consistent ensemble.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in Supplementary Table 1 of this paper) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the US Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and lead development of the software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. This work was supported by UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grants NE/P01495X/1 and NE/N009789/1. G.L.F. acknowledges support from UK NERC grants NE/D00876X/2, NE/I005595/1 and NE/P011381/1. E.J.R. acknowledges Australian Laureate Fellowship FL120100050.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Philip Goodwin, Gavin L. Foster & Eelco J. Rohling

  2. Department of Earth, Ocean & Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Anna Katavouta, Vassil M. Roussenov & Richard G. Williams

  3. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    Eelco J. Rohling

Authors
  1. Philip Goodwin
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  5. Eelco J. Rohling
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Contributions

P.G. and R.G.W. led the writing of the manuscript, with contributions from all of the co-authors. P.G. conducted the numerical experiments, which were conceived by P.G. and G.L.F. E.J.R. provided the geological climate sensitivity distribution. V.M.R. analysed the CMIP5 Earth system model output. A.K. and R.G.W. analysed the ocean heat re-analysis records.

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Correspondence to Philip Goodwin.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary figures and tables.

Supplementary Data

Data used to generate Figs. 1–4 and Supplementary Figs. 1–3.

WASP_ESM_main.cpp

Main code and instructions for the WASP Earth system model.

WASP_ESM_functions.cpp

Functions and forcing scenarios and instructions for the WASP Earth system model as used to perform the experiments in this study.

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Goodwin, P., Katavouta, A., Roussenov, V.M. et al. Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints. Nature Geosci 11, 102–107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0054-8

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