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Post-lithium-ion battery cell production and its compatibility with lithium-ion cell production infrastructure

Nature Energy volume 6, pages 123–134 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are currently the most advanced electrochemical energy storage technology due to a favourable balance of performance and cost properties. Driven by forecasted growth of the electric vehicles market, the cell production capacity for this technology is continuously being scaled up. However, the demand for better performance, particularly higher energy densities and/or lower costs, has triggered research into post-lithium-ion technologies such as solid-state lithium metal, lithium–sulfur and lithium–air batteries as well as post-lithium technologies such as sodium-ion batteries. Currently, these technologies are being intensively studied with regard to material chemistry and cell design. In this Review, we expand on the current knowledge in this field. Starting with a market outlook and an analysis of technological differences, we discuss the manufacturing processes of these technologies. For each technology, we describe anode production, cathode production, cell assembly and conditioning. We then evaluate the manufacturing compatibility of each technology with the lithium-ion production infrastructure and discuss the implications for processing costs.

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Fig. 1: Practical technology-specific volumetric and gravimetric energy densities and development of the rechargeable battery market size over time.
Fig. 2: Schematic electrode stack design for LIBs, SIBs, LSBs, SSBs and LABs, with associated active materials and areal capacity ranges typically used.
Fig. 3: Battery cell production chain for selected battery technologies.
Fig. 4: Prospective concepts for solvent-free electrode production.
Fig. 5: Concepts for lithium metal anode production.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the project ProLiFest (03XP0253A). We acknowledge A. Bar for the assistance in preparing Figs. 1–5.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Business Administration at the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Fabian Duffner & Jens Leker

  2. Porsche Consulting GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany

    Fabian Duffner & Niklas Kronemeyer

  3. Forschungsfertigung Batteriezelle FFB, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Münster, Germany

    Jens Tübke

  4. Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Münster, Germany

    Jens Leker & Martin Winter

  5. MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Martin Winter & Richard Schmuch

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Duffner, F., Kronemeyer, N., Tübke, J. et al. Post-lithium-ion battery cell production and its compatibility with lithium-ion cell production infrastructure. Nat Energy 6, 123–134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00748-8

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