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Light-driven methane dry reforming with single atomic site antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts

Nature Energy volume 5, pages 61–70 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Syngas, an extremely important chemical feedstock composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, can be generated through methane (CH4) dry reforming with CO2. However, traditional thermocatalytic processes require high temperatures and suffer from coke-induced instability. Here, we report a plasmonic photocatalyst consisting of a Cu nanoparticle ‘antenna’ with single-Ru atomic ‘reactor’ sites on the nanoparticle surface, ideal for low-temperature, light-driven methane dry reforming. This catalyst provides high light energy efficiency when illuminated at room temperature. In contrast to thermocatalysis, long-term stability (50 h) and high selectivity (>99%) were achieved in photocatalysis. We propose that light-excited hot carriers, together with single-atom active sites, cause the observed performance. Quantum mechanical modelling suggests that single-atom doping of Ru on the Cu(111) surface, coupled with excited-state activation, results in a substantial reduction in the barrier for CH4 activation. This photocatalyst design could be relevant for future energy-efficient industrial processes.

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Fig. 1: Effect of ruthenium concentration on the photocatalytic behaviour of Cu–Ru surface alloys.
Fig. 2: Characterization of surface structure of Cu–Ru photocatalysts.
Fig. 3: Photo- and thermocatalytic characterization of the Cu19.8Ru0.2 catalyst for methane dry reforming.
Fig. 4: Schematics of enhanced selectivity and stability in photocatalysis via the DIET mechanism.
Fig. 5: Calculated ground- and excited-state energy curves along the MEP for CH4 and CH dehydrogenation.
Fig. 6: Photocatalytic energy efficiency and methane conversion of Cu19.8Ru0.2.

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Data availability

All atomic structures used in the quantum mechanical simulations are provided as Supplementary Data 1–6. Source data for Figs. 3 and 6 are provided with the paper. Additional datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study that are not included in this published article (and its Supplementary information files) are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The modified VASP 5.3.3 code subroutines with embedding implementation and associated Python scripts, and the standalone embedding integral generator code used to transform the embedding potential from Cartesian grid to atomic orbital (GTO) bases, are available via GitHub: https://github.com/EACcodes/VASPEmbedding and https://github.com/EACcodes/EmbeddingIntegralGenerator, respectively, both under the Mozilla Public License 2.0.

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Acknowledgements

This article is based on work supported by the Robert A. Welch foundation under grants C-1220 (N.J.H.) and C-1222 (P.N.) and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) via the Department of Defense Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative under AFOSR award no. FA9550-15-1-0022. E.A.C. thanks the High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP) of the US Department of Defense and Princeton University’s Terascale Infrastructure for Groundbreaking Research in Engineering and Science (TIGRESS) for providing the computational resources. We thank B. Seemala for his assistance in CO-DRIFTS experiments.

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Author notes

  1. Emily A. Carter

    Present address: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Linan Zhou, Dayne F. Swearer, Shu Tian, Liangliang Dong, Luke Henderson & Naomi J. Halas

  2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    John Mark P. Martirez

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    John Mark P. Martirez

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Jordan Finzel & Phillip Christopher

  5. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Chao Zhang, Hossein Robatjazi, Minhan Lou, Peter Nordlander & Naomi J. Halas

  6. School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Emily A. Carter

  7. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Peter Nordlander & Naomi J. Halas

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Contributions

L.Z. and N.J.H. initiated the project. L.Z. developed the photocatalysts, performed the characterizations (XRD, XPS, UV–visible diffuse reflectance, HR-TEM) and the photocatalysis studies and analysed the data. J.M.P.M. carried out all the quantum mechanical calculations. J.F. performed the CO-DRIFTS measurement. C.Z. helped with the photocatalysis studies and data analysis. D.F.S. performed the HAADF–STEM. S.T. performed the Raman measurements. H.R. helped to interpret the results. M.L. performed the electromagnetic calculations. L.D. performed the TGA experiment. L.H. performed the ICP–MS. E.A.C., P.N. and N.J.H. supervised the research. L.Z., J.M.P.M., J.F., C.Z., D.F.S., P.C., E.A.C., P.N. and N.J.H. contributed to the interpretation of the data and preparation of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Emily A. Carter, Peter Nordlander or Naomi J. Halas.

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Competing interests

An international patent application for the antenna-reactor concept under the Patent Cooperation Treaty is pending (15977843). N.J.H. and P.N. are cofounders of a company that is in the process of commercializing an alternative technology, photocatalytic steam methane reforming.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Methods 1 and 2, Notes 1–9, Figs. 1–42, Tables 1–11 and refs. 1–31.

Supplementary Data 1

A summary of the structures used in the quantum mechanical simulations, and identifies in which figures these structures appear.

Supplementary Data 2

Atomic coordinates, in VASP format, for the surface reaction simulations involving the (3 × 3) pure Cu(111) slab.

Supplementary Data 3

Atomic coordinates, in VASP format, for the surface reaction simulations involving the (3 × 3) Ru-doped Cu(111) slab.

Supplementary Data 4

Atomic coordinates, in VASP format, for the surface reaction simulations involving the (√(21) × √(21)) pure and Ru-doped Cu(111) slab.

Supplementary Data 5

Atomic coordinates, in xyz format, for the embedded-cluster simulations involving the Cu10 cluster.

Supplementary Data 6

Atomic coordinates, in xyz format, for the embedded-cluster simulations involving the Cu10Ru cluster.

Supplementary Video 1

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the first CH activation on Cu(111).

Supplementary Video 2

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the fourth CH activation on Cu(111).

Supplementary Video 3

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the first CH activation on Ru-doped Cu(111).

Supplementary Video 4

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the fourth CH activation on Ru-doped Cu(111).

Supplementary Video 5

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the second CH activation on Ru-doped Cu(111).

Supplementary Video 6

DFT+D3 minimum energy path for the third CH activation on Ru-doped Cu(111).

Source data

Source Data Fig. 3

Statistical source data for Fig. 3b and c.

Source Data Fig. 6

Statistical source data for Fig. 6a and b.

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Zhou, L., Martirez, J.M.P., Finzel, J. et al. Light-driven methane dry reforming with single atomic site antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts. Nat Energy 5, 61–70 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0517-9

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