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Monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with 24.8% efficiency exploiting comproportionation to suppress Sn(ii) oxidation in precursor ink

Nature Energy volume 4, pages 864–873 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Combining wide-bandgap and narrow-bandgap perovskites to construct monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells offers avenues for continued increases in photovoltaic (PV) power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, actual efficiencies today are diminished by the subpar performance of narrow-bandgap subcells. Here we report a strategy to reduce Sn vacancies in mixed Pb–Sn narrow-bandgap perovskites that use metallic tin to reduce the Sn4+ (an oxidation product of Sn2+) to Sn2+ via a comproportionation reaction. We increase, thereby, the charge-carrier diffusion length in narrow-bandgap perovskites to 3 μm for the best materials. We obtain a PCE of 21.1% for 1.22-eV narrow-bandgap solar cells. We fabricate monolithic all-perovskite tandem cells with certified PCEs of 24.8% for small-area devices (0.049 cm2) and of 22.1% for large-area devices (1.05 cm2). The tandem cells retain 90% of their performance following 463 h of operation at the maximum power point under full 1-sun illumination.

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Fig. 1: Mixed Pb–Sn narrow-bandgap perovskite films fabricated from Sn4+-containing and Sn-reduced (Sn4+-free) precursor solutions.
Fig. 2: Charge dynamics of mixed Pb–Sn narrow-bandgap perovskites.
Fig. 3: PV performance of mixed Pb–Sn narrow-bandgap PSCs.
Fig. 4: Performance and stability of monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Data availability

All data that support the findings in this study are present in the paper and the Supplementary Information. Additional data related to this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Key R&D Programme of China (grant no. 2018YFB1500102), the Thousand Talent Programme for Young Outstanding Scientists in China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. 0213/14380122). The work of C.Z. is supported by the National Key R&D Programme of China (grant no. 2017YFA0303703) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 91833305). The work of J.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 11574143). The authors thank Q. Shi at SIMIT (Shanghai) for his guidance on the J–V measurements of tandem solar cells.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Renxing Lin, Ke Xiao.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Renxing Lin, Ke Xiao, Qiaolei Han, Yuan Gao, Min Xiao, Aidong Li, Jia Zhu & Hairen Tan

  2. School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Zhengyuan Qin, Chunfeng Zhang & Min Xiao

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Mingyang Wei, Makhsud I. Saidaminov & Edward H. Sargent

  4. School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Jun Xu

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  1. Renxing Lin
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Contributions

H.T. conceived the idea and directed the overall project. R.L., K.X., C.Z., J.Z., E.H.S. and H.T. designed the experiments. R.L. and K.X. fabricated all the devices and conducted the characterization. Z.Q., C.Z. and M.X. carried out the THz measurements and corresponding data analysis. Q.H., M.W., M.I.S. and Y.G. helped on the device fabrication and characterization. A.L. helped on ALD processing. J.X. helped on ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy measurements. H.T. and E.H.S. wrote the manuscript, and all authors read and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chunfeng Zhang, Jia Zhu or Hairen Tan.

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Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–30, Tables 1–4, Note 1 and refs. 1–4.

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Lin, R., Xiao, K., Qin, Z. et al. Monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with 24.8% efficiency exploiting comproportionation to suppress Sn(ii) oxidation in precursor ink. Nat Energy 4, 864–873 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0466-3

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