Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

The earliest Denisovans and their cultural adaptation

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 6, pages 28–35 (2022)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Since the initial identification of the Denisovans a decade ago, only a handful of their physical remains have been discovered. Here we analysed ~3,800 non-diagnostic bone fragments using collagen peptide mass fingerprinting to locate new hominin remains from Denisova Cave (Siberia, Russia). We identified five new hominin bones, four of which contained sufficient DNA for mitochondrial analysis. Three carry mitochondrial DNA of the Denisovan type and one was found to carry mtDNA of the Neanderthal type. The former come from the same archaeological layer near the base of the cave’s sequence and are the oldest securely dated evidence of Denisovans at 200 ka (thousand years ago) (205–192 ka at 68.2% or 217–187 ka at 95% probability). The stratigraphic context in which they were located contains a wealth of archaeological material in the form of lithics and faunal remains, allowing us to determine the material culture associated with these early hominins and explore their behavioural and environmental adaptations. The combination of bone collagen fingerprinting and genetic analyses has so far more-than-doubled the number of hominin bones at Denisova Cave and has expanded our understanding of Denisovan and Neanderthal interactions, as well as their archaeological signatures.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: The five new human fossils from Denisova Cave identified using ZooMS analysis.
Fig. 2: mtDNA maximum parsimony phylogenetic trees for the newly identified hominin bones.
Fig. 3: Stratigraphic and chronological relationship of the newly identified fossils from the East Chamber.
Fig. 4: Denisovan lithic tools from the lowermost archaeological layers (15 and 14) of the East Chamber.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The mtDNA consensus sequences generated for the current study are available in NCBI GenBank under accession numbers MT576650–MT576653.

Dataset 1

Raw MALDI-TOF files from ZooMS analysis of the hominin bones DC4969 (Denisova 17), DC7277 (Denisova 18), DC8846 (Denisova 19), DC7795 (Denisova 20) and DC8591 (Denisova 21) converted to open source format. Files have been uploaded to: https://doi.org/10.17617/3.44.

Dataset 2

MicroCT scan files of the hominin bones DC4969 (Denisova 17), DC7277 (Denisova 18), DC8846 (Denisova 19) and DC7795 (Denisova 20). Files have been uploaded to: https://doi.org/10.17617/3.45.

References

  1. Reich, D. et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053–1060 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Krause, J. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894–897 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Prüfer, K. et al. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia. Science 358, 655–658 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Browning, S. R., Browning, B. L., Zhou, Y., Tucci, S. & Akey, J. M. Analysis of human sequence data reveals two pulses of archaic Denisovan admixture. Cell 173, 53–61.e9 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Jacobs, G. S. et al. Multiple deeply divergent Denisovan ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177, 1010–1021.e32 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Slon, V. et al. A fourth Denisovan individual. Sci. Adv. 3, e1700186 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Slon, V. et al. The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature 561, 113–116 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Sawyer, S. et al. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 15696–15700 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Meyer, M. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338, 222–226 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen, F. et al. A late middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature 569, 409–412 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang, D. et al. Denisovan DNA in late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. Science 370, 584–587 (2020).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buckley, M., Collins, M., Thomas-Oates, J. & Wilson, J. C. Species identification by analysis of bone collagen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23, 3843–3854 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brown, S. et al. Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Sci. Rep. 6, 23559 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Buckley, M. et al. Species identification of archaeological marine mammals using collagen fingerprinting. J. Archaeol. Sci. 41, 631–641 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Welker, F. et al. Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 11162–11167 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Charlton, S. J. L., Alexander, M., Collins, M. J., Milner, N. & Craig, O. E. Finding Britain’s last hunter-gatherers: a new biomolecular approach to ‘unidentifiable’ bone fragments utilising bone collagen. J. Archaeol. Sci. 73, 55–61 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Douka, K. et al. Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565, 640–644 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Devièse, T. et al. Direct dating of Neanderthal remains from the site of Vindija Cave and implications for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 10606–10611 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Jacobs, Z. et al. Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. Nature 565, 594–599 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Agadjanian, A. K. The dynamics of bioresources and activity of the paleolithic man, using the example of northwestern Altai Mountains. Paleontol. J. 40, S482–S493 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bolikhovskaya, N. S. & Shunkov, M. V. Pleistocene environments of Northwestern Altai: vegetation and climate1. Archaeol. Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 42, 2–17 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Shunkov, M. V., Kozlikin, M. B. & Derevianko, A. P. Dynamics of the Altai Paleolithic industries in the archaeological record of Denisova Cave. Quat. Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.02.017 (2020).

  23. Derevianko, A. P., Shunkov, M. V. & Kozlikin, M. B. Who were the Denisovans? Archaeol. Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 48, 3–32 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zavala, E. I. et al. Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave. Nature 595, 399–403 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Slon, V. et al. Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments. Science 356, 605–608 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Vasiliev, S. K., Shunkov, M. V. & Kozlikin, M. B. Preliminary results for the balance of megafauna from Pleistocene layers of the east gallery, Denisova Cave. Probl. Archaeol. Ethnogr. Anthropol. Sib. Adjac. T. 19, 32–38 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  27. van Doorn, N. L., Hollund, H. & Collins, M. J. A novel and non-destructive approach for ZooMS analysis: ammonium bicarbonate buffer extraction. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 3, 281 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Brown, S. et al. Zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) for bone material – AmBiC protocol v1 https://www.protocols.io/view/zooarchaeology-by-mass-spectrometry-zooms-for-bone-bffdjji6 (2020).

  29. Brown, S. et al. Zooarchaeology through the lens of collagen fingerprinting at Denisova Cave. Sci. Rep. 11, 15457 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Buckley, M. & Kansa, S. W. Collagen fingerprinting of archaeological bone and teeth remains from Domuztepe, South Eastern Turkey. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 3, 271–280 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Immel, A. et al. Effect of X-ray irradiation on ancient DNA in sub-fossil bones – Guidelines for safe X-ray imaging. Sci. Rep. 6, 32969 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Krause, J. et al. Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. Nature 449, 902–904 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vernot, B. et al. Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science 352, 235–239 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Peter, B. M. 100,000 years of gene flow between Neanderthals and Denisovans in the Altai mountains. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.990523v1 (2020).

  35. Reich, D. et al. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89, 516–528 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Mafessoni, F. et al. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004944117 (2020).

  37. Bordes, L. et al. Raman spectroscopy of lipid micro-residues on Middle Palaeolithic stone tools from Denisova Cave, Siberia. J. Archaeol. Sci. 95, 52–63 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zaidner, Y. & Weinstein-Evron, M. The end of the Lower Paleolithic in the Levant: the Acheulo-Yabrudian lithic technology at Misliya Cave, Israel. Quat. Int. 409, 9–22 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. Cultural and biological transformations in the Middle Pleistocene Levant: a view from Qesem Cave, Israel. in Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Vol 1: Cultural Perspectives (eds Akazawa, T. et al.) 115–137 (Springer, 2013).

  40. Strohalm, M., Hassman, M., Kosata, B. & Kodícek, M. mMass data miner: an open source alternative for mass spectrometric data analysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22, 905–908 (2008).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rohland, N., Glocke, I., Aximu-Petri, A. & Meyer, M. Extraction of highly degraded DNA from ancient bones, teeth and sediments for high-throughput sequencing. Nat. Protoc. 13, 2447–2461 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Korlević, P. et al. Reducing microbial and human contamination in DNA extractions from ancient bones and teeth. Biotechniques 59, 87–93 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gansauge, M.-T., Aximu-Petri, A., Nagel, S. & Meyer, M. Manual and automated preparation of single-stranded DNA libraries for the sequencing of DNA from ancient biological remains and other sources of highly degraded DNA. Nat. Protoc. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-0338-0 (2020).

  44. Kircher, M., Sawyer, S. & Meyer, M. Double indexing overcomes inaccuracies in multiplex sequencing on the Illumina platform. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, e3 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fu, Q. et al. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2223–2227 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Maricic, T., Whitten, M. & Pääbo, S. Multiplexed DNA sequence capture of mitochondrial genomes using PCR products. PLoS ONE 5, e14004 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Renaud, G., Stenzel, U. & Kelso, J. leeHom: adaptor trimming and merging for Illumina sequencing reads. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, e141 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754–1760 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Green, R. E. et al. A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Cell 134, 416–426 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Prüfer, K. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43–49 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rougier, H. et al. Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe. Sci. Rep. 6, 29005 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Briggs, A. W. et al. Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neandertal mtDNA genomes. Science 325, 318–321 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gansauge, M.-T. & Meyer, M. Selective enrichment of damaged DNA molecules for ancient genome sequencing. Genome Res. 24, 1543–1549 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Skoglund, P. et al. Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 2229–2234 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Posth, C. et al. Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals. Nat. Commun. 8, 16046 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Hajdinjak, M. et al. Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals. Nature 555, 652–656 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Peyrégne, S. et al. Nuclear DNA from two early Neandertals reveals 80,000 years of genetic continuity in Europe. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw5873 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Wood et al. A new date for the Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave (Asturias, Northern Spain). Archaeometry 55, 148–158 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Meyer, M. et al. A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature 505, 403–406 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fu, Q. et al. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Fu, Q. et al. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Devièse, T. et al. Compound-specific radiocarbon dating and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Pleistocene hominin from Salkhit Mongolia. Nat. Commun. 10, 274 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Sikora, M. et al. Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science 358, 659–662 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Green, R. E. et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328, 710–722 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Horai, S. et al. Man’s place in Hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial DNA genealogy. J. Mol. Evol. 37, 89 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sievers, F. et al. Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega. Mol. Syst. Biol. 7, 539 (2011).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Stecher, G., Tamura, K. & Kumar, S. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) for macOS. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 1237–1239 (2020).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Swofford, D. L. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 4.0 b10. (Sinauer, 2002).

  70. Suchard, M. A. et al. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evol. 4, vey016 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Darriba, D. et al. ModelTest-NG: a new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 291–294 (2020).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Baele, G. et al. Improving the accuracy of demographic and molecular clock model comparison while accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 2157–2167 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Baele, G., Li, W. L. S., Drummond, A. J., Suchard, M. A. & Lemey, P. Accurate model selection of relaxed molecular clocks in Bayesian phylogenetics. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 239–243 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fu, Q. et al. A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Curr. Biol. 23, 553–559 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Kass, R. E. & Raftery, A. E. Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90, 773–795 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A Pliocene–Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the European Research Council, the Max Planck Society, the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) and the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch for their ongoing support. M. O’Reilly from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and I. Cartwright from the University of Oxford photographed the hominin fossils. We also thank in particular the volunteers who helped us sample the material (M. Jenkins, E. Gillespie, L. Bell, M. Caldarola, R. Heikkila, L. Doody, S. Amirova, G. Church, L. Koster, R. Holmes, L. Ghent, P. Ewles-Bergeron, N. Siemens, M. Sandilands and J. Zavodski); V. Slon, S. Peyrégne, E. Essel, S. Nagel and J. Richter from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology for discussions and laboratory work. This work received funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme grant agreement no. 715069 (FINDER) to K.D. and under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) grant agreement no. 324139 (PalaeoChron) to T.H. and grant agreement no. 694707 (100 Archaic Genomes) to S.P. The archaeological field studies were funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (no. 20-29-01011).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Samantha Brown, Diyendo Massilani.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

    Samantha Brown, Alexander Stoessel, Blair Jope-Street & Katerina Douka

  2. Institute for Scientific Archaeology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Samantha Brown & Alexander Stoessel

  3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Diyendo Massilani, Matthias Meyer, Janet Kelso & Svante Pääbo

  4. Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Maxim B. Kozlikin, Michael V. Shunkov & Anatoly P. Derevianko

  5. Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany

    Alexander Stoessel

  6. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Thomas Higham

  7. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Thomas Higham & Katerina Douka

Authors
  1. Samantha Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diyendo Massilani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maxim B. Kozlikin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michael V. Shunkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anatoly P. Derevianko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexander Stoessel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Blair Jope-Street
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Matthias Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Janet Kelso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Svante Pääbo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Thomas Higham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Katerina Douka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

K.D. designed the study; S.B., D.M., B.J.-S. and A.S. performed the laboratory work; S.B., D.M., A.S., M.M., J.K., S.P. and K.D. analysed the data; M.B.K., M.V.S. and A.P.D. provided samples and site-specific expertise; S.B., D.M., T.H. and K.D. wrote the paper with the assistance and input of all co-authors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Samantha Brown, Diyendo Massilani or Katerina Douka.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Peer review information Nature Ecology and Evolution thanks Virginia Harvey and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary figures, discussion, tables and references.

Reporting Summary.

Peer Review Information.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, S., Massilani, D., Kozlikin, M.B. et al. The earliest Denisovans and their cultural adaptation. Nat Ecol Evol 6, 28–35 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01581-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01581-2

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing