Recently publicized killings of environmental defenders are the latest iteration of a long and tragic history of violent conflict over access to land and resources. To bring about effective change, we must first understand the drivers and conditions that lead to violence in the sphere of environmental and land conflict.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Local marine stewardship and ocean defenders
npj Ocean Sustainability Open Access 10 August 2022
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$29.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Environmental Activists (Global Witness, 2018); https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/
Klubock, T. M. La Frontera: Forests and Ecological Conflict in Chile’s Frontier Territory (Duke Univ. Press, Durham, 2014).
Boyer, C. R. Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico (Duke Univ. Press, Durham, 2015).
Hecht, S. & Cockburn, A. The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010).
Peluso, N. L. & Lund, C. J. Peasant Stud. 38, 667–681 (2011).
de Blas, D. E., Ruiz-Perez, M. & Vermeulen, C. Ecol. Soc. 16, 8 (2011).
Lescuyer, G., Cerutti, P. O. & Robiglio, V. Forest Policy Econ. 32, 68–77 (2013).
Calfucura, E. Ecol. Econ. 145, 18–26 (2018).
Terborgh, J. & Peres, C. A. Land 6, 22 (2017).
Nepstad, D. et al. Conserv. Biol. 20, 65–73 (2006).
Berkes, F. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15188–15193 (2007).
West, P., Igoe, J. & Brockington, D. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 35, 251–277 (2006).
Agrawal, A. & Redford, K. Conserv. Soc. 7, 1–10 (2009).
Neumann, R. P. Polit. Geogr. 23, 813–837 (2004).
Verweijen, J. & Marijnen, E. J. Peasant Stud. 45, 300–320 (2018).
Sarkar, S. & Montoya, M. Biol. Conserv. 144, 979–988 (2011).
Redpath, S. M. et al. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 100–109 (2013).
Chapin, F. S. et al. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 241–249 (2010).
Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C. Ecol. Appl. 10, 1251–1262 (2000).
Hunsberger, C. et al. Can. J. Dev. Stud. 38, 305–324 (2017).
Bodley, J. H. Victims of Progress 6th edn (Rowman and Littlefield, London, 2015).
Promoting Greater Protection for Environmental Defenders (United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2018).
Ornelas, R. T. Int. Indigen. Policy J. 5, 4 (2014).
Mbembe, A. On the Postcolony (Univ. California Press, Oakland, 2001).
Deutsche Bank Divests from Vietnamese Land Grabber HAGL Following Global Witness’ Expose (Global Witness, 2013); https://www.globalwitness.org/en/archive/deutsche-bank-divests-vietnamese-land-grabber-hagl-following-global-witness-expose/
Dunlap, A. & Fairhead, J. Geopolitics 19, 937–961 (2014).
Scheba, A. & Rakotonarivo, O. S. Land Use Policy 57, 625–637 (2016).
Work, C. Forests 8, 47 (2017).
Carver, E. Madagascar Environmental Activist Convicted, Sentenced — and Paroled (Mongabay, 2017); https://news.mongabay.com/2017/11/madagascar-environmental-activist-convicted-sentenced-and-paroled/
Watts, J. Berta Cáceres, Honduran human rights and environment activist, murdered. The Guardian (4 March 2016).
Young, H. P. Annu. Rev. Econ. 7, 359–387 (2015).
Nyborg, K. et al. Science 354, 42–43 (2016).
Peters, I. Cohesion and Fragmentation in Social Movements: How Frames and Identities Shape the Belo Monte Conflict (Springer, Wiesbaden, 2017).
Deadly Environment: The Dramatic Rise in Killings of Environmental and Land Defenders (Global Witness, 2014).
Marijnen, E. & Verweijen, J. Geoforum 75, 274–285 (2016).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghazoul, J., Kleinschroth, F. A global perspective is needed to protect environmental defenders. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 1340–1342 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0640-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0640-1
This article is cited by
-
Local marine stewardship and ocean defenders
npj Ocean Sustainability (2022)
-
Threats to land and environmental defenders in nature’s last strongholds
Ambio (2022)
-
The supply chain of violence
Nature Sustainability (2019)