To the Editor — The Australian government is considering employing the koi herpesvirus (KHV) for biocontrol of invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Murray–Darling river system of southeast Australia in 20181,2. KHV is on the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) list of notifiable diseases3, yet the biocontrol programme has been framed as a safe and manageable proposition1,2. Previous reports highlight that viruses have been successfully employed in the biocontrol of terrestrial vertebrates1, including cats on Marion Island, and feral rabbits in Australia and New Zealand. However, compared with the biocontrol of terrestrial vertebrates, the biocontrol of large, highly fecund aquatic animals such as carp adds novel risks.

First, host-range evolution of fish herpesviruses has been complex with periods of co-diversification punctuated by host switching events4,5. The planned release will result in the propagation of an unprecedented number of viral particles in the environment: estimated to be as many as 2 × 1023. Negative results from (relatively small-scale) infection experiments with KHV and native fish species conducted in the laboratory cannot rule out the possibility of cross infection; the population size in the wild will grant the virus an enormous evolutionary potential, and it will come into contact with a vast number of host individuals of different species, including individuals with compromised immunity. Given our phylogenetic understanding of herpesviruses (and the impossibility of proving a negative), host-switching cannot be ruled out6.

Second, KHV has rapidly spread across continents, and it has been documented in 33 countries worldwide since its initial outbreak in 19983. Common carp is the most farmed fish in aquaculture with >26 million metric tonnes produced in 20157, and it is an important food fish in lower- and middle-income countries. The large-scale release of a notifiable disease for biocontrol constitutes a serious risk to global food security.

Third, KHV biocontrol in Australia aims to clear carp from a river catchment of approximately 1,000,000 km2, in which the invader accounts for up to 90% of the total fish biomass1. In the aftermath of KHV release, millions of tonnes of fish will be decomposing in the Australian rivers, resulting in significant declines in dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, algae blooms, as well as spikes in ammonia and bacteria. We fear this could lead to catastrophic ecosystem crashes, which, given the importance of the Murray–Darling Basin for the country's water supply, may also pose a risk to human health.

Finally, common carp is exceptionally fecund; a single female can produce over 10 million eggs per year9. Its recruitment rate is several orders of magnitude higher than that of rabbits or cats, which ensures that carp populations can rapidly recover after a population crash10, rendering the long-term success of a carp biocontrol programme unlikely.

Invasive species pose a significant threat to Australian biodiversity, but the proposed biocontrol of common carp with KHV is an irreversible, high-risk proposal. We fear serious ecological, environmental and economic ramifications, whilst its long-term objective to control carp is at best uncertain.