Abstract
Chromosome translocation is a major cause of the onset and progression of diverse types of cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a non-homologous end-joining protein, IFFO1, which structurally forms a heterotetramer with XRCC4. IFFO1 is recruited to the sites of DNA damage by XRCC4 and promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in a parallel pathway with XLF. Interestingly, IFFO1 interacts with lamin A/C, forming an interior nucleoskeleton. Inactivating IFFO1 or its interaction with XRCC4 or lamin A/C leads to increases in both the mobility of broken ends and the frequency of chromosome translocation. Importantly, the destruction of this nucleoskeleton accounts for the elevated frequency of chromosome translocation in many types of cancer cells. Our results reveal that the lamin A/C–IFFO1-constituted nucleoskeleton prevents chromosome translocation by immobilizing broken DNA ends during tumorigenesis.
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Data availability
The structure of the XRCC4–IFFO1 complex was deposited into the PDB under the accession code 6ABO. Mass spectrometry data for IFFO1-binding peptides have been deposited into FigShare with the Digital Object Identifier https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9413870 . The mass spectrometry data for peptides associated with XRCC4, XLF and PAXX that were reanalysed in the current study are available in a previous report22. The human cancer data were derived from the TCGA Research Network (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/). The dataset derived from this resource that supports the findings of this study is available in Supplementary Table 5. The source data for Figs. 3b,d,g,h, 4a–c,e–i, 6b–d,g,j,l,n–p, 7b–g, 8b,c and Supplementary Figs. 3d,g, 4e, 5c, 6a,b,d–f, 7a–i, 8a–f have been provided as Supplementary Table 5. All other data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank W. Wang for his advice and revisions to the manuscript, R. Xi for his advice on the analysis of genomic rearrangements, T. Misteli for providing NIH2/4 cells and D. C. van Gent for the pDVG94 plasmid. We thank the staff at the BL17U1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for assistance during data collection, the mass spectrometry facility of the National Center for Protein Sciences at Peking University for assistance with the identification of the proteins and the Core Facility of Life Sciences at Peking University for assistance with imaging. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31661143040, 81672773 and 31870807) and the Qidong-SLS Innovation Fund.
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W.L., R.G., Y.L. and D.X. designed and directed the project. W.L. and X.B. performed all experiments except the following. L.L., J.Li and Y.L. designed and performed crystal structure experiments. Y.Z. performed some of the DT40 experiments. J.Liu and H.Z. performed some of the imaging experiments. M.D. and Y.S. contributed to the imaging experiments. Q.W. and J.J. performed some of the mass spectrometry experiments. F.-Y.S., M.H. and G.G. analysed the mass spectrometry data. W.L., J.Li., Y.L. and D.X. wrote the manuscript.
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Supplementary Figure 1 Sequence alignment of IFFO1 homologues.
IFFO1 orthologues were identified using the BLASTP algorithm, which searches the NR database maintained by NCBI. Human (hu, Homo sapiens AAI10388.1), mouse (mu, Mus musculus Q8BXL9.1), chicken (ch, Gallus gallus XP_015149162.1), frog (xp, Xenopuslaevis XP_002941733.1) and zebrafish (fish, Danio rerio XP_690165.5) orthologues are shown. The identical and conserved amino acids are highlighted with red letters on a yellow background and dark blue letters on a blue background, respectively, weakly similar amino acids are highlighted on a green background, and green letters indicate blocks of similar amino acids. The red boxes indicate the 4 coiled-coil motifs of the intermediate filament family protein. The blue box (NLS) indicates a potential nuclear localization signal. The residues mutated in m1-5 and N73D/R85H (see below in Supplementary Fig. 2l, m) are marked with asterisks.
Supplementary Figure 2 Mapping the interacting regions of IFFO1 with XRCC4 and Lamin A/C.
a, Immunoblotting showing that the Superose 6 fractionation profile of IFFO1 overlaps with those of XRCC4. The fractions corresponding to molecular weight standards are indicated at the top. Inputs of some proteins were cut from the right side of the same gel. b, d Schematic representations of the different IFFO1 (b) and XRCC4 (d) deletion mutants (left) and their ability to coimmunoprecipitate with XRCC4 and IFFO1 (right), respectively. FL, full length. (c, e) Immunoprecipitation to assess whether the various deletion mutants of IFFO1 (c) and XRCC4 (e) co-purified with XRCC4 and IFFO1, respectively. NA, not available. f, Immunoblot showing the IPs of Flag-tagged Lamin A and Lamin C. g, i, Schematic representations of the different Lamin A (g) and IFFO1 (i) deletion mutants (left) and their ability to interact with IFFO1 and Lamin A (right), respectively. FL, full length. h, j, Yeast two-hybrid to assess whether the various mutants of Lamin A (h) and IFFO1 (j) interacted with IFFO1 and Lamin A, respectively. k, Schematic representations of mutations of IFFO1 in cancers. Vertical axis presents the mutation frequency of the indicated residues. l, GST-pulldown to assess whether the recurrent mutations of IFFO1 affect its interaction with Lamin A. The 1A motif of IFFO1 and 2B motif of Lamin A were fused with GST-tag and MBP-tag, respectively, and expressed in E. coli for pulldown assays. The pulldown proteins were analysed by Coomassie Blue-stained SDS–PAGE gels. m, Immunoblotting to show the immunoprecipitates of FLAG-IFFO1 wild-type and mutants using HEK293 cells. All immunoblots, gels and yeast two-hybrid are representative of three independent experiments; unprocessed scans of immunoblots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 9.
Supplementary Figure 3 Generation of IFFO1 and LMNA knockout DT40 cells.
a, Schematic representation of the chicken IFFO1 and targeted genomic DNA. The regions containing exon1-7 (marked by red) of the gene are replaced by blasticidine and histidinol resistant genes. The two regions between two pairs of dotted lines were used as arms of the knockout constructs. Arrows indicated targeted location of primers for genomic PCR. b, Genome-PCR analysis to show that IFFO1 gene is undetectable in the respective knockout DT40 cells. XLF was included as a positive control. c, Immunoblotting to show that IFFO1 protein is absent in the knockout cells. d, Sensitivity assay of the IFFO1-/- DT40 cells to various DSB-induced agents. Bars represent mean ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. e, Schematic representation of the chicken LMNA and targeted genomic DNA. The regions containing exon2-7 (marked by red) of the gene are replaced by blasticidine, histidinol and puromycin resistant genes. The two regions between two pairs of dotted lines were used as arms of the knockout constructs. Arrows indicated targeted locations of primers for genomic PCR. f, Genome-PCR analysis to show that LMNA gene is undetectable in the respective knockout DT40 cells. XRCC4 was included as a positive control. g, Sensitivity assay of the LMNA-/-/- DT40 cells to various DSB-induced agents. Bars represent mean ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. All immunoblots and gels are representative of three independent experiments; unprocessed scans of immunoblots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 9. Statistical source data including precise P values are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Figure 4 Ectopically expressing XLF or PAXX could not suppress the mobility of the broken ends in the IFFO1-/- cells.
a, Immunoblotting show the expression level of IFFO1 in the IFFO1-/- cells transfected with vary versions of IFFO1. b, c, Immunoblottings show the knockdown efficiency of XRCC4 (b) and Lamin A/C (c). Two shRNAs were used for XRCC4 (shX4_1/2) and Lamin A/C (shLM_1/2), respectively. d, Immunoblotting show the expression level of XLF and PAXX in the IFFO1-/- cells. e, MSD of the mCherry–53BP1TD foci in the IFFO1-/- cells transfected with XLF or PAXX. Means with SEMs of every time point are showed. The numbers of traces pooled from two independent experiments are indicated. All immunoblots are representative of three independent experiments; unprocessed scans of immunoblots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 9. Statistical source data including precise P values are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Figure 5 Lig3 promotes chromosome translocation in the IFFO1-/- cells.
a, Schematic of the pDVG94 plasmid used to examine the efficiency of aNHEJ. This figure was adapted from Verkaik NS, et.al (Eur J Immunol. 2002). b, The indicated cell lines were treated with or without 10 μM of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor, NU7441, for 4 hr, and then transfected with EcoRV- and AfeI-linearized pDVG94. Cells were allowed 24 hr to repair the linearized template, then plasmids were extracted, and the region spanning the cut site was amplified by PCR, followed by digestion with BstXI. The restriction enzyme products were then analysed by PAGE gel. c, Chromosome translocation of the IFFO1-/- cells transfected with Lig3 or Lig4 shRNA. Bars represent means with SEM of 4 independent experiments. Two-tailed t-tests were used for the analysis. **, P<0.01; ns, P>0.05. Western blotting at right panel showed the protein levels. All immunoblots and gels are representative of three independent experiments; unprocessed scans of immunoblots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 9.
Supplementary Figure 6 IFFO1 expression is downregulated by its promoter methylation in multiple tumour types.
a, The correlation between the IFFO1 expression and its methylation at promoter. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 16 cancer types. b, Relative expression in tumour vs. normal tissue in multiple tumour types. Gene expression data in TCGA were accessed through The UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser (https://genome-cancer.ucsc.edu/). c, Heatmaps of DNA methylation at IFFO1 promoter in different cell lines. Methylation of 18 CpG sites in chr.12: 6,556,011-6,556,233 (GRCh38.p12) were determined. Red and cyan squares denote methylated and non-methylated CpG sites, respectively. White squares denote CpG sites, which were not covered by sequencing. d, mRNA of IFFO1 was measured by qPCR. GAPDH mRNA was measured as a control. Means with SD from n = 3 independent experiments were present. Two-tailed t-tests were used for the analysis. e, Correlation between IFFO1 expression and its promoter methylation in these cell lines examined. Analysis was performed using Pearson Correlation; n= 9 cell lines. f, IFFO1 mRNA level after azacytidine treatment. The EKVX cells were treated with azacytidine for 3 days before harvest. Means with SD from n = 3 independent experiments were present. Two-tailed t-tests were used for the analysis. Statistical source data including precise P values are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Figure 7 IFFO1 expression negatively correlates with the frequency of gene fusion in multiple cancer types.
a, The frequency of inter-chromosome translocation in multiple cancer types. The data were gained from the literature by Yang et al., 2013. OV, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; MM, multiple myeloma. b, Plot shows the correlation between the IFFO1 expression and the frequency of inter-chromosome translocation. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 7 cancer types. c, Graph showing the average numbers of kinase fusions per sample in the multiple tumour types described by Stransky et al. 2014. d, Plot shows the correlation between the kinase fusion and the inter-chromosome translocation. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 9 cancer types. e, Plots show the correlation between gene expression and the frequency of the kinase fusion in multiple tumour types, including UCEC, BLCA, LUSC, COAD, READ, LUAD, PRAD, BRCA, THCA, HNSC, LIHC, KIRP and KIRC. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 13 cancer types. f, h, The frequency of kinase fusion (f) and total gene fusion (h) in multiple cancer types. The data were gained from the literature by Gao et al., 2018. g, i, Plots show the correlation between the inter-chromosome translocation with the frequency of kinase fusion (g) and total gene fusion (i). Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 9 cancer types. Statistical source data including precise P values are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Figure 8 The expression and methylation levels of IFFO1 and LMNA in multiple cancer cell lines from The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE).
a-c, The expression (a) and methylation (b) levels of IFFO1 gene and their correlation (c) in CCLE. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 834 cell lines (c). Sample sizes in (a, b) were indicated in the brackets. d-f, The expression (d) and methylation (e) levels of LMNA gene and their correlation (f) in CCLE. Correlation Coefficient (R) and P Value (PR) were calculated using Pearson Correlation; n = 234 cell lines (f). Sample sizes in (d, e) were indicated in the brackets. g, Plot of expressions of IFFO1 and LMNA in cancer cell lines of CCLE. Red and blue boxes indicate IFFO1-positive LMNA-negative and IFFO1-negative LMNA-positive cell lines, respectively. Most IFFO1-positive LMNA-negative cells belong hematological malignancies. All the CCLE data and analysis were accessed through the website (https://portals.broadinstitute.org/ccle). Statistical source data including precise P values are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
Supplementary Figure 9 Uncropped images from gels and blots.
Asterisks indicate the inputs.
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Supplementary Figures 1–9, Supplementary Note 1 and Supplementary Table titles.
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Li, W., Bai, X., Li, J. et al. The nucleoskeleton protein IFFO1 immobilizes broken DNA and suppresses chromosome translocation during tumorigenesis. Nat Cell Biol 21, 1273–1285 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0388-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-019-0388-0
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