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Properties of rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx imaging and thermal analysis

Nature Astronomy volume 3, pages 341–351 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Establishing the abundance and physical properties of regolith and boulders on asteroids is crucial for understanding the formation and degradation mechanisms at work on their surfaces. Using images and thermal data from NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft, we show that asteroid (101955) Bennu’s surface is globally rough, dense with boulders, and low in albedo. The number of boulders is surprising given Bennu’s moderate thermal inertia, suggesting that simple models linking thermal inertia to particle size do not adequately capture the complexity relating these properties. At the same time, we find evidence for a wide range of particle sizes with distinct albedo characteristics. Our findings imply that ages of Bennu’s surface particles span from the disruption of the asteroid’s parent body (boulders) to recent in situ production (micrometre-scale particles).

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Fig. 1: Resolved phase curves of Bennu.
Fig. 2: Asteroid Bennu imaged by the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite.
Fig. 3: Global cumulative size–frequency distribution of boulders.
Fig. 4: Albedo trends among Bennu’s boulders.
Fig. 5: Evidence of in situ boulder disaggregation.
Fig. 6: Dark diffuse units.

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Code availability

The thermophysical analysis reported here uses a custom code that is based on the Advanced Thermophysical Model (ATPM) of refs. 46,59,60. The ISIS3 code used to generate the image processing data products is available from the US Geological Survey–Astrogeology Science Center: https://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/

Data availability

The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Raw (L0) through calibrated (L2, L3) OCAMS, OVIRS and OTES data will be available via the Planetary Data System (PDS) (https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/orex/). Data are released to the PDS according to the schedule provided in the OSIRIS-REx Data Management Plan found in the OSIRIS-REx PDS archive. Image mosaics and photometric models will be available in the PDS 1 year after departure from the asteroid.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by NASA under contract NNM10AA11C issued through the New Frontiers Program. We thank C. Ernst for providing the data used in Supplementary Fig. 4 to compare the size-frequency distribution of boulders on Bennu to other small bodies. B.R. acknowledges funding support from the Royal Astronomical Society in the form of a research fellowship. P.M. acknowledges funding support from the French space agency CNES and from Academies of Excellence: Complex systems and Space, environment, risk, and resilience, part of the IDEX JEDI of the Université Côte d’Azur. M.A.B., J.D.P.D. and S.F. also acknowledge financial support from CNES the French space agency. M.P. acknowledges funding support from the Italian Space Agency (ASI) under the ASI-INAF agreement no. 2017–37-H.0. Part of this work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. S.R.S. acknowledges support from NASA Grant no. 80NSSC18K0226 as part of the OSIRIS-REx Participating Scientist Program.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: D. N. DellaGiustina, J. P. Emery.

  2. A full list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    D. N. DellaGiustina, D. R. Golish, C. A. Bennett, K. N. Burke, R.-L. Ballouz, K. J. Becker, C. Y. Drouet d’Aubigny, B. Rizk, E. Asphaug, C. W. Hergenrother, E. S. Howell, T. R. Kareta, M. C. Nolan, S. R. Schwartz, N. Shultz, P. H. Smith, C. W. V. Wolner, D. S. Lauretta, M. Arvizu-Jakubicki, E. Asphaug, E. Audi, R.-L. Ballouz, R. Bandrowski, K. J. Becker, T. L. Becker, S. Bendall, C. A. Bennett, H. Bloomenthal, D. Blum, W. V. Boynton, J. Brodbeck, K. N. Burke, M. Chojnacki, A. Colpo, J. Contreras, J. Cutts, C. Y. Drouet d’Aubigny, D. Dean, D. N. DellaGiustina, B. Diallo, D. Drinnon, K. Drozd, H. L. Enos, R. Enos, C. Fellows, T. Ferro, M. R. Fisher, G. Fitzgibbon, M. Fitzgibbon, J. Forelli, T. Forrester, I. Galinsky, R. Garcia, A. Gardner, D. R. Golish, N. Habib, D. Hamara, D. Hammond, K. Hanley, K. Harshman, C. W. Hergenrother, K. Herzog, D. Hill, C. Hoekenga, S. Hooven, E. S. Howell, E. Huettner, A. Janakus, J. Jones, T. R. Kareta, J. Kidd, K. Kingsbury, S. S. Balram-Knutson, L. Koelbel, J. Kreiner, D. Lambert, D. S. Lauretta, C. Lewin, B. Lovelace, M. Loveridge, M. Lujan, C. K. Maleszewski, R. Malhotra, K. Marchese, E. McDonough, N. Mogk, V. Morrison, E. Morton, R. Munoz, J. Nelson, M. C. Nolan, J. Padilla, R. Pennington, A. Polit, N. Ramos, V. Reddy, M. Riehl, B. Rizk, H. L. Roper, S. Salazar, S. R. Schwartz, S. Selznick, N. Shultz, P. H. Smith, S. Stewart, S. Sutton, T. Swindle, Y. H. Tang, M. Westermann, C. W. V. Wolner, D. Worden, T. Zega & Z. Zeszut

  2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    J. P. Emery & J. P. Emery

  3. School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

    B. Rozitis, I. Franchi & B. Rozitis

  4. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    P. R. Christensen, S. Anwar, N. Bojorquez-Murphy, P. R. Christensen, C. W. Haberle, G. Mehall & K. Rios

  5. Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA

    V. E. Hamilton, W. F. Bottke, H. H. Kaplan, K. J. Walsh, W. F. Bottke, V. E. Hamilton, H. H. Kaplan & K. J. Walsh

  6. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    D. C. Reuter, A. A. Simon, L. F. Lim, A. Aqueche, B. Ashman, M. Barker, A. Bartels, K. Berry, B. Bos, R. Burns, A. Calloway, R. Carpenter, N. Castro, R. Cosentino, J. Donaldson, J. P. Dworkin, J. Elsila Cook, C. Emr, D. Everett, D. Fennell, K. Fleshman, D. Folta, D. Gallagher, J. Garvin, K. Getzandanner, D. Glavin, S. Hull, K. Hyde, H. Ido, A. Ingegneri, N. Jones, P. Kaotira, L. F. Lim, A. Liounis, C. Lorentson, D. Lorenz, J. Lyzhoft, E. M. Mazarico, R. Mink, W. Moore, M. Moreau, S. Mullen, J. Nagy, G. Neumann, J. Nuth, D. Poland, D. C. Reuter, L. Rhoads, S. Rieger, D. Rowlands, D. Sallitt, A. Scroggins, G. Shaw, A. A. Simon, J. Swenson, P. Vasudeva, M. Wasser & R. Zellar

  7. Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA

    J. L. Bandfield, B. C. Clark, J. L. Bandfield & B. C. Clark

  8. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA

    O. S. Barnouin, O. S. Barnouin, K. Craft, R. T. Daly, C. Ernst, R. C. Espiritu, M. Holdridge, M. Jones, A. H. Nair, L. Nguyen, J. Peachey, M. E. Perry, J. Plescia, J. H. Roberts, R. Steele & R. Turner

  9. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Meudon, France

    M. A. Barucci, J. D. P. Deshapriya, S. Fornasier, M. A. Barucci, J. D. P. Deshapriya, S. Fornasier, M. Fulchignoni, P. Hasselmann, F. Merlin & A. Praet

  10. Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO, USA

    E. B. Bierhaus, E. B. Bierhaus, O. Billett, A. Boggs, B. Buck, S. Carlson-Kelly, J. Cerna, K. Chaffin, E. Church, M. Coltrin, J. Daly, A. Deguzman, R. Dubisher, D. Eckart, D. Ellis, P. Falkenstern, A. Fisher, M. E. Fisher, P. Fleming, K. Fortney, S. Francis, S. Freund, S. Gonzales, P. Haas, A. Hasten, D. Hauf, A. Hilbert, D. Howell, F. Jaen, N. Jayakody, M. Jenkins, K. Johnson, M. Lefevre, H. Ma, C. Mario, K. Martin, C. May, M. McGee, B. Miller, C. Miller, G. Miller, A. Mirfakhrai, E. Muhle, C. Norman, R. Olds, C. Parish, M. Ryle, M. Schmitzer, P. Sherman, M. Skeen, M. Susak, B. Sutter, Q. Tran, C. Welch, R. Witherspoon, J. Wood & J. Zareski

  11. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    R. P. Binzel & R. P. Binzel

  12. Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    N. E. Bowles, N. E. Bowles, E. Brown, K. L. Donaldson Hanna & T. Warren

  13. Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    H. Campins, H. Campins & Y. Fernandez

  14. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA

    B. E. Clark, B. E. Clark & S. Ferrone

  15. Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA

    H. C. Connolly Jr. & H. C. Connolly Jr.

  16. The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    M. G. Daly, L. McGraw, M. G. Daly, J. Freemantle & J. A. Seabrook

  17. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    J. de Leon, J. Licandro, M. Popescu, J. L. Rizos Garcia, J. de Leon, J. Licandro & J. L. Rizos Garcia

  18. Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France

    M. Delbo’, P. Michel, A. Ryan, M. Delbo’, G. Libourel, P. Michel, A. Ryan & F. Thuillet

  19. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    C. M. Elder, J. Bellerose, S. Bhaskaran, C. Boyles, S. R. Chesley, C. M. Elder, D. Farnocchia, A. Harbison, B. Kennedy, A. Knight, N. Martinez-Vlasoff, N. Mastrodemos, T. McElrath, W. Owen, R. Park, B. Rush, L. Swanson, Y. Takahashi, D. Velez & K. Yetter

  20. Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

    E. R. Jawin, E. R. Jawin, T. J. McCoy & S. Russell

  21. Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA

    L. Le Corre, J.-Y. Li, J. Molaro, M. A. Siegler, X.-D. Zou, C. L. Johnson, R. W. Gaskell, L. Le Corre, J.-Y. Li, J. L. Molaro, E. E. Palmer, M. A. Siegler, P. Tricarico, J. R. Weirich & X.-D. Zou

  22. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Padova, Italy

    M. Pajola & M. Pajola

  23. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    E. Tatsumi

  24. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    C. A. Thomas & C. A. Thomas

  25. Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA, USA

    D. E. Highsmith & J. Small

  26. Astronomical Institute, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    D. Vokrouhlický

  27. Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada

    C. Brunet, R. A. Chicoine, S. Desjardins, D. Gaudreau, T. Haltigin, S. Millington-Veloza, A. Rubi, N. Gorius & A. Lunsford

  28. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA

    J. Aponte

  29. Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    B. Allen, J. Grindlay, D. Guevel, D. Hoak & J. Hong

  30. Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    D. L. Schrader

  31. City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

    J. Bayron

  32. Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    O. Golubov & P. Sánchez

  33. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    J. Stromberg

  34. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    M. Hirabayashi

  35. Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    C. M. Hartzell

  36. Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA

    S. Oliver & M. Rascon

  37. Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    A. Harch, J. Joseph & S. Squyres

  38. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    D. Richardson

  39. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    R. Ghent

  40. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    M. M. Al Asad, C. L. Johnson, L. Philpott & H. C. M. Susorney

  41. Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    E. A. Cloutis

  42. Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

    R. D. Hanna

  43. Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    F. Ciceri, A. R. Hildebrand & E.-M. Ibrahim

  44. Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    L. Breitenfeld, T. Glotch & A. D. Rogers

  45. Edge Space Systems, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    W. Chang

  46. General Dynamics C4 Systems, Denver, CO, USA

    A. Cheuvront

  47. Hawaiʻi Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    D. Trang

  48. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    S. Tachibana & H. Yurimoto

  49. INAF–Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy

    J. R. Brucato & G. Poggiali

  50. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Rome, Italy

    E. Dotto & E. Mazzotta Epifani

  51. Indigo Information Services, Tucson, AZ, USA

    M. K. Crombie

  52. Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France

    C. Lantz

  53. Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University–Misasa, Misasa, Japan

    M. R. M. Izawa

  54. Jacobs Technology, Houston, TX, USA

    S. Clemett & K. Thomas-Keprta

  55. JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan

    S. Van wal, M. Yoshikawa & S.-i. Watanabe

  56. Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    C. Thayer

  57. KinetX Aerospace, Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA

    C. Adam, P. Antreasian, J. Bauman, C. Bryan, B. Carcich, M. Corvin, J. Geeraert, J. Hoffman, J. M. Leonard, E. Lessac-Chenen, A. Levine, J. McAdams, L. McCarthy, D. Nelson, B. Page, J. Pelgrift, E. Sahr, K. Stakkestad, D. Stanbridge, D. Wibben, B. Williams, K. Williams & P. Wolff

  58. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    P. Hayne & D. Kubitschek

  59. Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton, Ontario, Canada

    A. Bjurstrom, L. Bloomquist, C. Dickinson, E. Keates, J. Liang, V. Nifo, A. Taylor & F. Teti

  60. Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, CA, USA

    M. Caplinger

  61. Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    H. Bowles, S. Carter, S. Dickenshied, D. Doerres, T. Fisher, W. Hagee, J. Hill, M. Miner, D. Noss, N. Piacentine, M. Smith, A. Toland & P. Wren

  62. Mines ParisTech, Paris, France

    M. Bernacki & D. Pino Munoz

  63. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    S.-i. Watanabe

  64. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

    S. A. Sandford

  65. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA

    J. Grossman, G. Johnston, M. Morris & J. Wendel

  66. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    A. Burton, L. P. Keller, L. McNamara, S. Messenger, K. Nakamura-Messenger, A. Nguyen & K. Righter

  67. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

    E. Queen

  68. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA

    K. Bellamy, K. Dill, S. Gardner, M. Giuntini, B. Key, J. Kissell, D. Patterson, D. Vaughan & B. Wright

  69. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    T. Ireland

  70. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    K. Tait

  71. School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    P. Bland

  72. SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA

    C. B. Beddingfield & J. Marshall

  73. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    D. N. Brack, A. S. French, J. W. McMahon & D. J. Scheeres

  74. Southwest Meteorite Laboratory, Payson, AZ, USA

    M. Killgore

  75. Space Systems Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    M. Chodas, M. Lambert & R. A. Masterson

  76. US Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    J. Backer, K. Edmundson, J. Mapel, M. Milazzo & S. Sides

  77. London Stereoscopic Company, London, UK

    C. Manzoni & B. May

  78. Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France

    B. Marty

Authors
  1. D. N. DellaGiustina
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  33. C. W. Hergenrother
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  40. J. Licandro
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  41. L. F. Lim
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  42. P. Michel
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  58. D. S. Lauretta
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Consortia

The OSIRIS-REx Team

  • D. E. Highsmith
  • , J. Small
  • , D. Vokrouhlický
  • , N. E. Bowles
  • , E. Brown
  • , K. L. Donaldson Hanna
  • , T. Warren
  • , C. Brunet
  • , R. A. Chicoine
  • , S. Desjardins
  • , D. Gaudreau
  • , T. Haltigin
  • , S. Millington-Veloza
  • , A. Rubi
  • , J. Aponte
  • , N. Gorius
  • , A. Lunsford
  • , B. Allen
  • , J. Grindlay
  • , D. Guevel
  • , D. Hoak
  • , J. Hong
  • , D. L. Schrader
  • , J. Bayron
  • , O. Golubov
  • , P. Sánchez
  • , J. Stromberg
  • , M. Hirabayashi
  • , C. M. Hartzell
  • , S. Oliver
  • , M. Rascon
  • , A. Harch
  • , J. Joseph
  • , S. Squyres
  • , D. Richardson
  • , J. P. Emery
  • , L. McGraw
  • , R. Ghent
  • , R. P. Binzel
  • , M. M. Al Asad
  • , C. L. Johnson
  • , L. Philpott
  • , H. C. M. Susorney
  • , E. A. Cloutis
  • , R. D. Hanna
  • , H. C. Connolly Jr.
  • , F. Ciceri
  • , A. R. Hildebrand
  • , E.-M. Ibrahim
  • , L. Breitenfeld
  • , T. Glotch
  • , A. D. Rogers
  • , B. E. Clark
  • , S. Ferrone
  • , C. A. Thomas
  • , H. Campins
  • , Y. Fernandez
  • , W. Chang
  • , A. Cheuvront
  • , D. Trang
  • , S. Tachibana
  • , H. Yurimoto
  • , J. R. Brucato
  • , G. Poggiali
  • , M. Pajola
  • , E. Dotto
  • , E. Mazzotta Epifani
  • , M. K. Crombie
  • , C. Lantz
  • , M. R. M. Izawa
  • , J. de Leon
  • , J. Licandro
  • , J. L. Rizos Garcia
  • , S. Clemett
  • , K. Thomas-Keprta
  • , S. Van wal
  • , M. Yoshikawa
  • , J. Bellerose
  • , S. Bhaskaran
  • , C. Boyles
  • , S. R. Chesley
  • , C. M. Elder
  • , D. Farnocchia
  • , A. Harbison
  • , B. Kennedy
  • , A. Knight
  • , N. Martinez-Vlasoff
  • , N. Mastrodemos
  • , T. McElrath
  • , W. Owen
  • , R. Park
  • , B. Rush
  • , L. Swanson
  • , Y. Takahashi
  • , D. Velez
  • , K. Yetter
  • , C. Thayer
  • , C. Adam
  • , P. Antreasian
  • , J. Bauman
  • , C. Bryan
  • , B. Carcich
  • , M. Corvin
  • , J. Geeraert
  • , J. Hoffman
  • , J. M. Leonard
  • , E. Lessac-Chenen
  • , A. Levine
  • , J. McAdams
  • , L. McCarthy
  • , D. Nelson
  • , B. Page
  • , J. Pelgrift
  • , E. Sahr
  • , K. Stakkestad
  • , D. Stanbridge
  • , D. Wibben
  • , B. Williams
  • , K. Williams
  • , P. Wolff
  • , P. Hayne
  • , D. Kubitschek
  • , M. A. Barucci
  • , J. D. P. Deshapriya
  • , S. Fornasier
  • , M. Fulchignoni
  • , P. Hasselmann
  • , F. Merlin
  • , A. Praet
  • , E. B. Bierhaus
  • , O. Billett
  • , A. Boggs
  • , B. Buck
  • , S. Carlson-Kelly
  • , J. Cerna
  • , K. Chaffin
  • , E. Church
  • , M. Coltrin
  • , J. Daly
  • , A. Deguzman
  • , R. Dubisher
  • , D. Eckart
  • , D. Ellis
  • , P. Falkenstern
  • , A. Fisher
  • , M. E. Fisher
  • , P. Fleming
  • , K. Fortney
  • , S. Francis
  • , S. Freund
  • , S. Gonzales
  • , P. Haas
  • , A. Hasten
  • , D. Hauf
  • , A. Hilbert
  • , D. Howell
  • , F. Jaen
  • , N. Jayakody
  • , M. Jenkins
  • , K. Johnson
  • , M. Lefevre
  • , H. Ma
  • , C. Mario
  • , K. Martin
  • , C. May
  • , M. McGee
  • , B. Miller
  • , C. Miller
  • , G. Miller
  • , A. Mirfakhrai
  • , E. Muhle
  • , C. Norman
  • , R. Olds
  • , C. Parish
  • , M. Ryle
  • , M. Schmitzer
  • , P. Sherman
  • , M. Skeen
  • , M. Susak
  • , B. Sutter
  • , Q. Tran
  • , C. Welch
  • , R. Witherspoon
  • , J. Wood
  • , J. Zareski
  • , M. Arvizu-Jakubicki
  • , E. Asphaug
  • , E. Audi
  • , R.-L. Ballouz
  • , R. Bandrowski
  • , K. J. Becker
  • , T. L. Becker
  • , S. Bendall
  • , C. A. Bennett
  • , H. Bloomenthal
  • , D. Blum
  • , W. V. Boynton
  • , J. Brodbeck
  • , K. N. Burke
  • , M. Chojnacki
  • , A. Colpo
  • , J. Contreras
  • , J. Cutts
  • , C. Y. Drouet d’Aubigny
  • , D. Dean
  • , D. N. DellaGiustina
  • , B. Diallo
  • , D. Drinnon
  • , K. Drozd
  • , H. L. Enos
  • , R. Enos
  • , C. Fellows
  • , T. Ferro
  • , M. R. Fisher
  • , G. Fitzgibbon
  • , M. Fitzgibbon
  • , J. Forelli
  • , T. Forrester
  • , I. Galinsky
  • , R. Garcia
  • , A. Gardner
  • , D. R. Golish
  • , N. Habib
  • , D. Hamara
  • , D. Hammond
  • , K. Hanley
  • , K. Harshman
  • , C. W. Hergenrother
  • , K. Herzog
  • , D. Hill
  • , C. Hoekenga
  • , S. Hooven
  • , E. S. Howell
  • , E. Huettner
  • , A. Janakus
  • , J. Jones
  • , T. R. Kareta
  • , J. Kidd
  • , K. Kingsbury
  • , S. S. Balram-Knutson
  • , L. Koelbel
  • , J. Kreiner
  • , D. Lambert
  • , D. S. Lauretta
  • , C. Lewin
  • , B. Lovelace
  • , M. Loveridge
  • , M. Lujan
  • , C. K. Maleszewski
  • , R. Malhotra
  • , K. Marchese
  • , E. McDonough
  • , N. Mogk
  • , V. Morrison
  • , E. Morton
  • , R. Munoz
  • , J. Nelson
  • , M. C. Nolan
  • , J. Padilla
  • , R. Pennington
  • , A. Polit
  • , N. Ramos
  • , V. Reddy
  • , M. Riehl
  • , B. Rizk
  • , H. L. Roper
  • , S. Salazar
  • , S. R. Schwartz
  • , S. Selznick
  • , N. Shultz
  • , P. H. Smith
  • , S. Stewart
  • , S. Sutton
  • , T. Swindle
  • , Y. H. Tang
  • , M. Westermann
  • , C. W. V. Wolner
  • , D. Worden
  • , T. Zega
  • , Z. Zeszut
  • , A. Bjurstrom
  • , L. Bloomquist
  • , C. Dickinson
  • , E. Keates
  • , J. Liang
  • , V. Nifo
  • , A. Taylor
  • , F. Teti
  • , M. Caplinger
  • , H. Bowles
  • , S. Carter
  • , S. Dickenshied
  • , D. Doerres
  • , T. Fisher
  • , W. Hagee
  • , J. Hill
  • , M. Miner
  • , D. Noss
  • , N. Piacentine
  • , M. Smith
  • , A. Toland
  • , P. Wren
  • , M. Bernacki
  • , D. Pino Munoz
  • , S.-i. Watanabe
  • , S. A. Sandford
  • , A. Aqueche
  • , B. Ashman
  • , M. Barker
  • , A. Bartels
  • , K. Berry
  • , B. Bos
  • , R. Burns
  • , A. Calloway
  • , R. Carpenter
  • , N. Castro
  • , R. Cosentino
  • , J. Donaldson
  • , J. P. Dworkin
  • , J. Elsila Cook
  • , C. Emr
  • , D. Everett
  • , D. Fennell
  • , K. Fleshman
  • , D. Folta
  • , D. Gallagher
  • , J. Garvin
  • , K. Getzandanner
  • , D. Glavin
  • , S. Hull
  • , K. Hyde
  • , H. Ido
  • , A. Ingegneri
  • , N. Jones
  • , P. Kaotira
  • , L. F. Lim
  • , A. Liounis
  • , C. Lorentson
  • , D. Lorenz
  • , J. Lyzhoft
  • , E. M. Mazarico
  • , R. Mink
  • , W. Moore
  • , M. Moreau
  • , S. Mullen
  • , J. Nagy
  • , G. Neumann
  • , J. Nuth
  • , D. Poland
  • , D. C. Reuter
  • , L. Rhoads
  • , S. Rieger
  • , D. Rowlands
  • , D. Sallitt
  • , A. Scroggins
  • , G. Shaw
  • , A. A. Simon
  • , J. Swenson
  • , P. Vasudeva
  • , M. Wasser
  • , R. Zellar
  • , J. Grossman
  • , G. Johnston
  • , M. Morris
  • , J. Wendel
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Contributions

D.N.D. leads the OSIRIS-REx Image Processing Working Group (IPWG). J.P.E. leads the OSIRIS-REx Thermal Analysis Working Group (TAWG). Both led the analysis and paper writing efforts. M.A.B., C.A.B., K.N.B., H.C., J.d.L., C.Y.D.d’A., S.F., D.R.G., C.H., E.S.H., H.H.K., T.K., L.L.C., J.-Y.L., J.L., J.L.R.G., P.M., M.N., M.P., D.C.R., B.R., P.H.S., E.T., C.A.T. and X.-D.Z. contributed to the image processing analysis of MapCam images. O.S.B., K.J.B., C.A.B., D.R.G. and C.H. contributed to the production of the global mosaic. E.A., R.-L.B., O.S.B., C.A.B., E.B.B., W.F.B., K.N.B., H.C., H.C.C.Jr, M.D., M.D., C.M.E., E.R.J., P.M., J.M., M.N., M.P., A.R., S.R.S., E.T. and K.J.W. contributed to the interpretation of the boulder size-frequency distribution. B.E.C., J.D.P.D., C.Y.D.d’A., S.F., D.R.G., C.H., E.S.H., J.-Y.L., B.R., N.S., A.A.S., P.H.S. and X.-D.Z. contributed to the interpretation of the photometric model. E.A., R.-L.B., J.L.B., O.S.B., R.P.B., W.F.B., N.B., P.R.C., B.C.C., M.D., C.M.E., V.E.H., E.S.H., E.R.J., T.K., L.F.L., J.M., M.N., M.P., D.C.R., B.R., A.R., S.R.S., M.A.S., A.A.S., E.T., C.A.T. and K.J.W. contributed to the interpretation of the thermophysical measurements. N.B., P.R.C., L.F.L., B.R. and M.A.S. contributed to the analysis or calibration of thermal data. D.N.D., C.Y.D.d’A., J.P.E., D.R.G., V.E.H., C.H., L.F.L., D.C.R., B.R. and A.A.S. contributed to the planning of observations. K.J.B., C.Y.D.d’A., D.R.G., E.S.H., B.R., N.S., P.H.S. and X.-D.Z. contributed to the calibration of image data. D.S.L. leads the mission and contributed significantly to the analysis. C.W.V.W. contributed substantially to the content and writing of the paper. The entire OSIRIS-REx Team made the encounter with Bennu possible.

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Correspondence to D. N. DellaGiustina or J. P. Emery.

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Supplementary Text, Supplementary Figures 1–8.

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DellaGiustina, D.N., Emery, J.P., Golish, D.R. et al. Properties of rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx imaging and thermal analysis. Nat Astron 3, 341–351 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0731-1

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