Cassini's radiometer measurements identify Enceladus's surface cracks as subsurface hot spots.
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Carter, L. Enceladus: Hot spots on an ice world. Nat Astron 1, 0084 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0084
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0084