Biogenic oxygen from Earth transported to the Moon by a wind of magnetospheric ions

Nature Astronomy volume 1, Article number: 0026 (2017) Cite this article

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Abstract

For five days of each lunar orbit, the Moon is shielded from solar wind bombardment by the Earth’s magnetosphere, which is filled with terrestrial ions. Although the possibility of the presence of terrestrial nitrogen and noble gases in lunar soil has been discussed based on their isotopic composition1, complicated oxygen isotope fractionation in lunar metal2,3 (particularly the provenance of a 16O-poor component) re­mains an enigma4,5. Here, we report observations from the Japanese spacecraft Kaguya of significant numbers of 1–10 keV O+ ions, seen only when the Moon was in the Earth’s plasma sheet. Considering the penetration depth into metal of O+ ions with such energy, and the 16O-poor mass-independent fractionation of the Earth’s upper atmosphere6, we conclude that biogenic terrestrial oxygen has been transported to the Moon by the Earth wind (at least 2.6 × 104 ions cm−2 s−1) and implanted into the surface of the lunar regolith, at around tens of nanometres in depth3,4. We suggest the possibility that the Earth’s atmosphere of billions of years ago may be preserved on the present-day lunar surface.

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Figure 1: Geometrical setting of the instrumental apparatus.
Figure 2: Kaguya ion observations in the Earth's magnetosphere on 21 April 2008.
Figure 3

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the members of the SELENE project. This work was partly supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grants (No. 26800258, 26610183 and 22224010), the Mitsubishi Foundation and Yamada Science Foundation. Our discussion was partially supported by the project entitled “On-Site Mass Spectrometry Based on the Multi-Turn Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer ‘MULTUM’ (PI: Michisato Toyoda)” in a Support Program for Osaka University Future Research Initiative.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan

    Kentaro Terada

  2. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 229-8510, Japan

    Shoichiro Yokota, Yoshifumi Saito, Naritoshi Kitamura & Kazushi Asamura

  3. Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Masaki N. Nishino

Authors
  1. Kentaro Terada
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  2. Shoichiro Yokota
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  3. Yoshifumi Saito
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  4. Naritoshi Kitamura
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  5. Kazushi Asamura
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  6. Masaki N. Nishino
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Contributions

K.T. and S.Y. wrote the manuscript. S.Y. also analysed the data, and contributed to the observations and data processing. Y.S., K.A. and M.N.N. contributed to the observations and data processing. N.K. contributed to the discussion.

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Correspondence to Kentaro Terada.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Terada, K., Yokota, S., Saito, Y. et al. Biogenic oxygen from Earth transported to the Moon by a wind of magnetospheric ions. Nat Astron 1, 0026 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-016-0026

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