Table 2 Examples of solvents, as well as nanomaterials and polymers used in solution blending
From: Review of nanomaterials-assisted ion exchange membranes for electromembrane desalination
| Solvent | Nanomaterial | Polymer(s) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetic acid | Phosphonated GO (PGO) | Chitosan (CS) | 34 |
| N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) | Sulfonated GO (SGO) | Nafion | 163 |
| SGO | Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) | 102 | |
| SGO | Sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) | 101 | |
| GO | SPES | 97 | |
| Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) | Nafion | 164 | |
| SiO2 | Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) | 38,120 | |
| Sulfonated SiO2 (SS) | Sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone) (SPAEEKK) | 123 | |
| SS | Polybenzimidazole (PBI) | 165 | |
| SS | Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (SPPEK) | 124 | |
| SiO2 | SPPEK | 166 | |
| SiO2 | Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) | 167 | |
| SiO2 | SPES | 168 | |
| TiO2 | Quaternized polysulfone (QPSU) | 140 | |
| TiO2 | Chloromethylated polysulfone (CMPSU) | 169 | |
| N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) | Quaternized GO (QGO) | QPSU | 39 |
| Sulfonated organosilane functionalized GO (SSi-GO) | SPEEK | 103 | |
| SS | Sulfonated poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) | 170 | |
| Sulfonated mesoporous SiO2 (SMS) | SPES | 35,125,158 | |
| SiO2 | SPPO | 121 | |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | GO | SPI | 43 |
| APTEOS (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) functionalized GO (A-GO) | Quaternized polyethyleneimine /Poly (vinyl alcohol) (QPEI/PVA) | 36 | |
| MWCNTs | Sulfonated poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] (SPBIBI) | 44 | |
| SMS | SPI | 161 | |
| Ethanol | Sulfonated TiO2 nanotube (S–TiO2–NTs) | Nafion | 141 |
| Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) | SiO2 | Nafion | 122 |
| m-Cresol | Dihydrogen phosphate functionalized GO (H2P-GO) | SPI | 171 |
| Tetrahydrofuran (THF) | Polyaniline (PANI)-MWCNTs | Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) | 172 |
| MWCNTs | PVC | 72 | |
| MWCNTs | Polycarbonate/styrene–butadiene rubber (PC/SBR) | 66 | |
| Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) | PVC | 142 | |
| Iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4) | PVC | 145 | |
| Zeolite | PVC | 150 | |
| Zinc oxide (ZnO) | PVC | 157 | |
| Water | GO | Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) | 173 |
| GO | PVA | 98 | |
| MWCNTs | PVA | 75 | |
| Sulfonated MWCNTs (S-MWCNTs) | Sulfonated PVA (SPVA) | 65 | |
| Phenyl-SMS (Ph-SMS) | PVA | 160 |
