arising from Kubli et al. Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10619-w (2019)

Fc receptors (FcRs) are effector molecules that permit binding to antibodies. Recently, Kubli et al. reported that the FcR for IgM (FcµR) was expressed by non-B cells, i.e., tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes (TMPs), and was involved in anti-tumor immunity1. Here, we have examined whether FcµR is indeed expressed by these cells. Our results do not support their Fcmr expression.

Antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig), a key player in humoral immunity, has dual binding activities: to antigens via its amino-terminal variable regions (called Fab) and to effector molecules via its carboxyl-terminal constant region (called Fc). One such effector molecule is a family of cell surface FcRs. FcRs for switched Igs are expressed by many different immune cells, including myeloid cells, and function as central mediators coupling innate and adaptive immune responses. FcµR, identified in 2009, is the newest member of the FcR family. Conflicting views exist especially with regard to its cellular distribution in mice: B cells only versus B, myeloid and T cells (see a recent review2). Kubli et al. have focused on the function of FcµR in non-B cell populations using his Fcmr-deficient (KO) mice. They recently reported that FcµR negatively regulated the anti-tumor activity of TMPs (CD45+ CD11b+ MerTk+ CD64+) in a melanoma mouse model1. Fcmr KO mice had increased numbers of TMPs, reduced tumor size and enhanced survival compared to wild type (WT) controls. Single-cell RNA sequence (scRNAseq) analyses of the TMPs from Fcmr KO and WT mice revealed a unique TMP subset with enhanced antigen processing/presenting properties in the mutant mice. On the other hand, we and others have focused on FcµR function in B cells2, for the simple reason that we have never found expression of FcµR by non-B cells, including myeloid cells, using immunofluorescence analysis with receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and sensitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays3,4. In this report, we show that Fcmr is not expressed by TMPs based on our examination of the scRNAseq data GSE130287 of Kubli et al.1 using the R software (version 4.1). We also show our scRNAseq data GSE140133 from splenic IgG memory B cells in C57BL/6 mice5 for comparative purposes and provide comments on their data.

As shown in the gene detection histogram based on raw data (Fig. 1a), nearly all of the TMPs (6352 Fcmr WT and 8000 Fcmr KO cells) had no Fcmr transcript reads [i.e., zero unique molecular identifier (UMI)]. Only four Fcmr WT cells (0.06%) had 4 (1) or 1 (3) UMIs per cell and six Fcmr KO cells (0.08%) had 1 UMI per cell. Notably, the one WT cell with four UMIs also contained transcripts of B cell-specific genes (e.g., Cd79a) at similar UMI counts. Our controls included a house-keeping gene (Gapdh) and randomly picked, high (Cd74 and Cd68) and low (Itgam and Cd86) abundance genes. The reads variably ranged: 0 to >300 for Gapdh, 0 to >100 for high and 0 to >15 for low abundance genes. To rule out the possibility that Fcmr transcripts are somehow undetectable in scRNAseq assessments as is often seen with certain genes, e.g., cytokines, we performed scRNAseq analysis with splenic IgG memory B cells from WT mice (Fig. 1b). Unlike in TMPs, Fcmr transcripts were easily detectable in ~75% of the IgG memory B cells at 1 to ~65 UMIs per cell. This is more evident by density curves (Fig. 1c) after normalization on the basis of sequencing depth. One of the high abundance genes Cd74 in TMPs and Gapdh are also highly or clearly expressed by IgG memory B cells. Cd68 and Itgam transcripts were present in TMPs but not in IgG B cells. The expression of Cd86 was comparable in both cell types. Kubli et al. emphasized Fcmr expression by non-B cells in the introduction of the paper, citing several references including theirs, but they did not describe any Fcmr transcript results from scRNAseq analysis in the text1. Collectively, according to our analysis of their TMP scRNAseq data, we can conclude that there is no evidence for Fcmr gene expression by mononuclear phagocytes infiltrating around tumors or TMPs.

Fig. 1: Gene detection histogram.
figure 1

a, b Raw values for the number of cells and the number of transcript reads (or unique molecular identifier; UMI) of the indicated genes in tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes (TMPs) from C57BL/6 Fcmr WT (upper) and KO (lower) mice (a) and IgG memory B cells from C57BL/6 WT spleen (b), are plotted on y-axes and x-axes, respectively. c Density curves of normalized UMIs for Fcmr transcripts in TMPs from Fcmr WT and KO mice and from WT splenic IgG B cells. The TMP data1 were derived from GSE130287 and the IgG B cell data5 from our scRNAseq analysis GSE140133. Note different scales of the x-axis for each gene.

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Then, how can we explain the differences observed in Fcmr-negative TMP-mediated anti-tumor responses and dendritic cell functions between Fcmr KO and WT mice as described in the paper?1 Several considerations or potential causes are noteworthy but none of them are definitive. (i) As compared to other Fcmr KO mice including ours, the Fcmr KO mice of Kubli et al. are unique in extensive targeting of exon 2–8 (~10 kb) and retention of the Neo gene in the mouse genome6,7. This may account for discrepancies in reported phenotypes among mutant mice2. In fact, a difference in granulocyte function between their and our mutant (targeting exon 2–4) mice was noted. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was higher in their Fcmr KO granulocytes than WT controls upon stimulation with fMLP in the presence or absence of LPS7, but was comparable in our Fcmr KO and WT granulocytes (Fig. 2). (ii) Our recent epigenetic analysis of regulatory T (Treg) cells revealed that the 3′ region of Fcmr [exon 5 (transmembrane) to exon 8 (cytoplasmic and 3′ untranslated region)] was selectively in an open chromatin configuration when Treg cells were activated, hence the locus may be highly accessible to transcription factors2,8. If this selective epigenetic alteration at the 3′ site of Fcmr in Treg cells is also the case for TMPs, it may account for differences in TMP cell functions observed in their Fcmr KO (missing this 3′ Fcmr locus) and WT mice. (iii) Another possibility is suggested by the finding that the conditional deletion of Fcmr (exon 4–7) in B cells unexpectedly resulted in impaired proinflammatory T cell responses and immune protection in an acute viral infection9. The authors suggested that FcµR on B cells might indirectly regulate T cell functions, although it remains unclear how this would work. Nevertheless, this indirect effect may not be the case for the TMP’s anti-tumor effects, because the above KO TMP-mediated reduction of tumor size and enhanced mouse survival were also observed with their conditional deletion of Fcmr (only exon 4) in myeloid, but not in B, cells (see Fig. 1g and Supplementary Fig. 1d, respectively, in the paper1). Thus, the molecular basis for functional differences observed in Fcmr KO and WT control mice by Kubli et al. is puzzling, but we would emphasize that cell surface FcµR is not directly involved in such a distinction as depicted their model (Fig. 6f)1.

Fig. 2: Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by granulocytes.
figure 2

Blood granulocytes from our Fcmr KO and WT C57BL/6 female mice of 8–12 weeks of age were loaded with 10 µM dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123), stimulated with or without 10 µM N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 µg/ml), and stained with PE-labeled Gr-1 and PE/Cy7-labeled CD11b mAbs, before lysis of erythrocytes and flow cytometric analysis. Top: Gating strategy for DHR123+ Gr-1+ CD11b+ ROS-producing granulocytes. Bottom: Results are shown in mean ± 1 SD, n = 4 P values were calculated with an unpaired Student t-test and a two-tailed P value of <0.05 was statistically significant. Note comparable ROS production between our Fcmr KO and WT mice, distinct from enhanced ROS production by their Fcmr KO granulocytes6.

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Given the fact that IgM is the first Ig isotype to appear during phylogeny, ontogeny and immune responses, we also initially thought that FcµR would have a broad cellular distribution thereby serving as a first line of defense against pathogens. Contrary to our prediction, the expression of FcµR is restricted to lymphocytes: B, T, and NK cells in humans and only B cells in mice2. Another unexpected finding is the restricted distribution of FCMR orthologues to mammals, despite the phylogenetically broad distribution of IgM from jawed vertebrate onward2,10. These findings suggest that lymphocyte-specific FcµR must have distinct functions compared to broadly distributed FcRs for switched Ig isotypes. In summary, based on our analysis of the scRNAseq done on TMPs, we demonstrate the absence of Fcmr transcripts in such infiltrating monocytoid cells around tumor tissues. Since the authors elegantly described the potential tumor immunity by such TMPs through FcµR without sufficiently backing their Fcmr expression results at the single cell level, we would call the readers’ attention to this discrepancy when reading this paper1.

Methods

Single cell analyses

The scRNAseq data of TMPs (GSE130287) from Fcmr WT and KO C57BL/6 mice1 and splenic IgG memory B cells (GSE140133) from antigen-immunized WT C57BL/6 mice5, which are publicly available (see their repositories below), were reexamined as follows. R package Seurat v4.0.511 was used to read deposited data sets. Raw count matrices were subject to quality control based on: (i) the number of cells where a gene was detected, (ii) the number of genes detected per cell, and (iii) the frequency of UMIs associated with mitochondrial genes. The final filtered matrices contained 16,112 genes and 14,352 cells (6352 Fcmr WT and 8000 Fcmr KO mice) for TMPs and 13,072 genes and 5436 cells for IgG B cells. Seurats LogNormalize-method with default settings was used to normalize UMI counts.

Analysis of ROS production

For ROS production, blood was collected from the submandibular vein of Fcmr WT and KO C57BL/6 female mice of 8–12 weeks by needle puncture in heparinized microfuge tubes. Twenty microliter of blood were mixed with 180 µl of 10 µM dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123; Marker Gene Technologies) in the absence or presence of 10 µM N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) alone or along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Sigma) in DMEM/2% FCS in 96-well flat-bottom plates. After 30 min under 5% CO2 at 37 °C, cells were washed with FACS buffer (PBS/2% FCS/0.1% NaN3) and stained with PE-labeled GR-1 mAb (clone RB6-8C5) at 0.5 µg/ml and PE/Cy7-labed CD11b mAb (clone M1/70; eBioscience) at 0.67 µg/ml on ice for 20 min, before lysis of erythrocytes with 1 ml of Fix/Lysis buffer (PBS/1% formalin/0.07% saponin) on ice for 10 min. After washing, cells were resuspended in FACS buffer and granulocytes were first gated by high FSC and high SSC characteristics and then by positive for both Gr-1 and CD11b by Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD). DHR123+ Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells were defined as ROS-producing granulocytes. Approximately 50,000–70,000 cell events were acquired and analyzed with FlowJo software (BD). On average 5% of total blood nucleated cells were granulocytes for both groups of mice. Data comparison was performed by unpaired Student t-test (GraphPad Prism 9) and a two-tailed P value of <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. All studies involving animals were conducted with and after approval of the Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales (Lageso) and University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC-09195).

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.