Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

# Giant topological longitudinal circular photo-galvanic effect in the chiral multifold semimetal CoSi

## Abstract

The absence of mirror symmetry, or chirality, is behind striking natural phenomena found in systems as diverse as DNA and crystalline solids. A remarkable example occurs when chiral semimetals with topologically protected band degeneracies are illuminated with circularly polarized light. Under the right conditions, the part of the generated photocurrent that switches sign upon reversal of the light’s polarization, known as the circular photo-galvanic effect, is predicted to depend only on fundamental constants. The conditions to observe quantization are non-universal, and depend on material parameters and the incident frequency. In this work, we perform terahertz emission spectroscopy with tunable photon energy from 0.2 –1.1 eV in the chiral topological semimetal CoSi. We identify a large longitudinal photocurrent peaked at 0.4 eV reaching  ~550 μ A/V2, which is much larger than the photocurrent in any chiral crystal reported in the literature. Using first-principles calculations we establish that the peak originates only from topological band crossings, reaching 3.3 ± 0.3 in units of the quantization constant. Our calculations indicate that the quantized circular photo-galvanic effect is within reach in CoSi upon doping and increase of the hot-carrier lifetime. The large photo-conductivity suggests that topological semimetals could potentially be used as novel mid-infrared detectors.

## Introduction

Circular photo-galvanic effect (CPGE) exists only in gyrotropic crystals1,2. Its transverse component, where the current flows perpendicular to light propagation direction, is by far the most commonly observed. It has been recently measured in transition metal dichalcogenides3, topological insulators4,5,6 and Weyl semimetals7,8,9. In contrast, the longitudinal CPGE, where current flows parallel to light propagation direction, remains more elusive since its discovery in tellurium in 197910.

In chiral topological semimetals, the longitudinal CPGE is particularly remarkable because it was recently predicted to be quantized11,12,13,14. These materials feature protected nodal crossings near the Fermi level, and because all mirror symmetries are broken, nodes with opposite chirality generically appear at different energies15 (see Fig. 1a, b), in contrast to mirror-symmetric Weyl metals, like TaAs with nodes at the same energy16,17. The existence of these nodes is protected by an integer topological charge C, which quantizes the longitudinal CPGE trace to Cβ0 where β0 = πe3/h211. Chiral Weyl metals, where C = ±1 (Fig. 1a)15, are elusive. Nevertheless, separated topological nodes with degeneracies larger than two, known as multifold fermions, are demonstrated to exist in chiral crystals such as CoSi, RhSi and AlPt (with C = ±4)12,18,19,20,21,22,23 (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, the presence of cubic symmetry in these materials makes transverse CPGE vanishing and longitudinal CPGE isotropic with only one non-zero independent term, βxx, so that averaging over the three directions is not needed to measure the tensor trace β (β = 3βxx).

Several challenges remain to observe the quantized CPGE in chiral semimetals. In this family of materials, the presence of spin-orbit coupling leads to a splitting of the nodes, which can still display quantization but in a reduced frequency range determined by the strength of the spin-orbit coupling, for example as happens in RhSi12,13,14,24,25. Inter-band excitations between the spin-orbit split bands contribute to the non-quantized CPGE, a non-negligible effect in RhSi14. Therefore a small spin-orbit splitting is advantageous to observe the quantized CPGE in multifold materials11,13. In this work, we measure the CPGE in CoSi as its spin-orbit coupling is much smaller than in RhSi12,19.

We measure the CPGE by detecting radiated terahertz (THz) pulses emitted from the illuminated regions, a method with several advantages compared to DC current measurements 8,9,24,25,26,27. Firstly, detecting CPGE in a contact-less way avoids contact misalignment as we measure second harmonic generation to align the crystal axis. Secondly, the emitted THz pulse originates from a local illuminated region, and therefore thermal current and the non-local diffusion of photo-excited carriers to the contacts, typical of a DC current measurement, are not concerns28. Thirdly, in the process of THz emission, photo-carriers move at the band velocity and then recombine, which creates a time-dependent photo-current within the penetration depth. This time-dependent current radiates a THz pulse into free space, which in the far field is related to the first time-derivative of the surface current and is directly related with the quantized CPGE as the quantized quantity is the rate of the inject current, dj/dt = iCβ0, instead of the current j itself29. Note that optical rectification is generally at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the photocurrent in the resonant regime27,30. Therefore, we neglect the optical rectification effect in CoSi.

In this work, we have developed the capability to measure THz emission in the mid-infrared regime (0.20–0.48 eV) for the first time. We use it to measure CPGE in CoSi across a broad range of 0.2–1.1 eV. We identify a large longitudinal CPGE peaked at 0.4 eV reaching  ~ 550 μ A/V2. Comparing our measurements to first-principles calculations, we establish that the peak originates from topological band crossings, reaching 3.3 ± 0.3 in units of the quantization constant under the assumption of a constant hot-carrier lifetime. We develop a k p model, including quadratic corrections to the dispersion of the nodal bands, and show that the location of the chemical potential can conspire to create a more complex frequency profile than it has been anticipated even in the spinless model. Our calculations also lay out the conditions to observe the quantized CPGE in CoSi in future experiments.

## Results

### Sample and second harmonic generation

The chiral crystal structure of CoSi seen from the (111) direction is depicted in Fig. 1c. As a first step, we pick up large homogeneous (111) natural facets by scanning second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurement31. To stimulate SHG, we focused light pulses centered at 800 nm under near-normal incidence to a 10-μm diameter spot on the sample and the second harmonic signal centered at 400 nm is measured. As shown in Fig. 1d, polar patterns of SHG are found as a function of the direction of the linear polarization of the incident light in the co-rotating parallel-polarizer (orange) and crossed-polarizer (blue) configurations. These patterns agree well with a fit with only one non-zero parameter based on the point group symmetry (see “Methods” section).

### Longitudinal CPGE in CoSi

Figure 2a shows schematically the measurement of the longitudinal CPGE. When circularly polarized light is incident on the sample, a current flows along the light propagation direction inside of the material. Under normal incidence, the current flows perpendicular to the surface, which prevents THz emission into free space from CPGE in the bulk24,29. THz emission does originate from the surface current density under oblique incidence29. See Supplementary Note 1 for more details. Therefore, in order to emit THz radiation into free space, we utilize off-normal incidence at 45 degrees as shown in Fig. 2a. An achromatic quarter-wave plate is used to control the polarization of the incident light. Terahertz wave components in xz and y direction are detected by using a THz polarizer before the ZnTe detector. Figure 2b, e shows the reversal of the polarity of the time trace of emitted THz electric field under left and right circularly-polarized light at the incident photon energy of 0.50 eV, which indicates the change of the direction of the photo-current under opposite helicity of circularly polarized incident light (i.e., the CPGE).

To confirm that the CPGE we observe is a longitudinal photocurrent, we studied the polarization dependence of the CPGE by rotating both the achromatic quarter-waveplate and the samples. The experimental geometry is shown in Fig. 2a, and we detect the emitted THz components in the incident plane, Exz(t), and perpendicular to the plane, Ey(t). In Fig. 2b (orange) we show the peak value of the emitted THz field Ey(t) at the incident photon energy of 0.50 eV as a function of the angle of the quarter-wave plate. The THz field under left and right circularly polarized light has the same direction and magnitude, which indicates no CPGE. The almost identical time traces of Ey(t) with opposite circular polarizations are shown in Fig. 2c. The CPGE component (E(t) − E(t))/2 is zero within the detection sensitivity, as shown in Fig. 2d. (E(t) + E(t))/2 is the linear photo-galvanic effect (LPGE) component under circularly-polarized light (see Supplementary Note 1B for details).

In contrast, the in-plane THz field Exz(t) shows completely different polarization dependence as shown in Fig. 2b (blue). When the helicity of the circularly polarized light is reversed, the direction of the peak THz field in Exz(t) changes, and the waveform is shown in Fig. 2e. They are not simply the same curve with opposite signs because of a sizable LPGE contribution. Nevertheless, (E − E)/2 is not zero in Exz(t) and relatively large compared to (E + E)/2, as shown in Fig. 2f. The observation of a non-zero CPGE only in the incident xz plane is consistent with the longitudinal CPGE, where the current flows along the wave vector direction inside CoSi. This longitudinal CPGE is unchanged as we rotate the sample due to the cubic symmetry constraints, as shown for 0.50 eV incident photon energy in Fig. 2g. We also observed similar angle dependence at other photon energies. See Supplementary Note 2 for more details.

To quantify the longitudinal CPGE, we performed a symmetry analysis by fitting the angle dependence of the quarter-wave plate on Exz and Ey. The solid lines in Fig. 2b are the best fit to the functions determined by the crystal symmetry, $${E}_{y}(\theta )={B}_{1}\sin (4\theta )+{C}_{1}\cos (4\theta )+{D}_{1}$$ and $${E}_{xz}(\theta )=A\sin (2\theta )+{B}_{2}\sin (4\theta )+{C}_{2}\cos (4\theta )+{D}_{2}$$, where the coefficients A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2 are determined by the CPGE and LPGE conductivity (see Supplementary Note 1B for details). Both curves are fitted simultaneously with the same fit weights. The $$\sin (2\theta )$$ term describes the CPGE while $$\sin (4\theta )$$, $$\cos (4\theta )$$ and the constant terms describe the LPGE. The symmetry analysis shows that the out-of-plane component Ey does not contribute to the CPGE, while the in-plane component Exz dominates the CPGE.

### CPGE spectrum in CoSi

After confirming the longitudinal direction of the CPGE, we now study the amplitude of the CPGE current inside the sample at different incident photon energies. We use circularly-polarized laser pulses with a duration 50–100 fs and a tunable incident photon energy from 0.2 eV to 1.1 eV to generate a CPGE inside of the sample. For the first time, we detected THz emission with incident photon energy below 0.5 eV, comparing with previous measurements8,9,24,26,27. In order to convert the detected THz electric field into the CPGE current inside the sample, we measured a benchmarking ZnTe sample at the same position at each wavelength immediately after measuring CoSi. ZnTe is useful as a benchmark due to its relatively flat frequency dependence on the electric-optical sampling coefficient for photon energy below the gap32. See Supplementary Note 1F and Supplementary Fig. 3 for the raw data. We first convert the collected THz electric fields on CoSi and ZnTe from the time domain to the frequency domain by a Fourier transformation. By taking the ratio of the two Fourier transforms of the electric fields and considering the Fresnel coefficient, refractive indices and penetration depth, we obtain the ratio between the CPGE response of CoSi and the optical rectification of ZnTe. The use of ZnTe circumvents assumptions regarding the incident pulse length, the wavelength dependent focus spot size on the sample, and the calculation of collection efficiency of the off-axis parabolic mirrors (see Supplementary Note 1C for details).

The CPGE follows $$j(\Omega )=\frac{{\beta }_{xx}}{i\Omega +1/\tau }{E}_{0}^{2}(\Omega )$$, where Ω is the THz frequency and τ is the hot-carrier lifetime. When the hot-carrier lifetime satisfies τ 1/Ω, $$j\approx {\beta }_{xx}\tau {E}_{0}^{2}$$. This is the case for the current experiment as j(Ω) depends weakly on Ω. (See Supplementary Fig. 6.) The second-order photo-conductivity plotted in Fig. 3a was an average value of the CPGE over the frequency range of 0.5–2.0 THz in Supplementary Fig. 6, which should also be the DC limit. When τ is much longer than the pulse width, which is in the quantization regime, $${\rm{d}}j/{\rm{d}}t={\beta }_{xx}{E}_{0}^{2}$$. When 1/τ is comparable to Ω, the CPGE conductivity, $$\frac{{\beta }_{xx}}{i\Omega +1/\tau }$$, will have strong frequency dependence in the THz regime, which will enable the extraction of βxx and τ separately. Anticipating our theory analysis, we note that the CPGE spectrum is determined by the only symmetry-independent non-zero CPGE response tensor βxx, which is a photocurrent rate multiplied by the hot-carrier lifetime τ. The measured CPGE photocurrent per incident field squared as a function of frequency, which we will denote as the CPGE spectrum, is shown in Fig. 3a for room temperature, showing a peak value of  ~550 μ A/V2 at 0.4 eV. The CPGE spectrum peak value is much larger than the photo-galvanic effect in any chiral crystals reported in the literature33, BaTiO334, single-layer monochalcogenides34,35, the colossal bulk-photovoltaic response in TaAs36 and RhSi in the same space group24,25.

### First-principle calculation

Next, we address the relationship between the large photo-conductivity peak and the multifold fermions near the Fermi level shown in Fig. 3b. In Fig. 3a, we show our ab-initio calculations of the CPGE for CoSi with and without spin-orbit coupling (SOC) at room temperature and at a chemical potential Ef crossing the flat hole band, as indicated by the dashed line in Fig. 3b (see “Methods” section and Supplementary Note 4). They quantitatively reproduce the experimental data across a wide frequency range. The SOC splitting,  ≈20 meV at the Γ point node, determines the finer structure in the optical response37.

To match the first-principles calculations with the CPGE spectrum, we considered βxx, which is related to the CPGE trace by β = 3βxx due to cubic symmetry11,12. Note that βxx is directly calculated from the band structure at certain chemical potential. It is plotted in Fig. 3a times τ, the only free parameter, which was determined by matching the calculated peak width and magnitude to the CPGE data. This self-consistent constraint is satisfied with a broadening /τ ≈ 38 meV at 300 K. As shown from the right y axis of Fig. 3a, the CPGE trace β reaches 3.3 (±0.3) in units of the quantization constant β0.

For frequencies below 0.6 eV, all the interband excitations on CoSi occur in the vicinity of its multifold bands at the nodes Γ and R37. We conclude this from the optical conductivity on CoSi at 300 K that is shown in Fig. 3c. With the subtraction of the Drude response and the four phonon peaks, the interband contribution has a kink at  ~0.2 eV that separates two quasi-linear regimes. The details of the theoretical and experimental studies could be found in ref. 37. Below 0.2 eV, the interband excitations involve the threefold fermion at the Γ point, while the excitations near the double Weyl fermion at R become active only above 0.2 eV37. The main contribution to the peak around 0.6 eV comes from the saddle point M37. In addition to the optical conductivity, our momentum resolved calculation (Fig. 3d) for the CPGE peak at 0.4 eV reveals that it originates from these multifold fermions only, which contribute with opposite signs to the CPGE current. Therefore, this giant CPGE peak has a purely topological origin, although it is not quantized due to the sum of contributions of two kinds of multifold fermions and the quadratic contributions to the energy bands.

The position of the chemical potential is crucial to relate the CPGE to quantization. Our ab-initio calculations, supported by our low-energy analysis below, reveal that the CPGE shows a dip-peak structure as the one of Fig. 4a, b) when Ef is below the Γ node (Ef < 0) in our sample. Such Fermi energy is consistent with recent quasi-particle interference38 and linear optical conductivity experiments37. Note that this dip-peak structure was clearly observed recently in RhSi as the energy splitting between the nodes at the Γ and R in RhSi is around twice larger than CoSi so that the sign change in CPGE is pushed to around 0.4 eV in RhSi25. The dip-peak structure for Ef < 0 is also produced by using a four-band tight binding model for CoSi13 (see Supplementary Note 5). As shown in Fig. 4a, the dip reaches the quantized value of 4β0 at low temperatures in the clean limit, and remains quantized for hot carrier lifetime broadening up to 5 meV at 100 meV photon energy (see Supplementary Note 4 and Supplementary Fig. 7 for details.). The quantization of the dip is determined by the threefold fermion at the Γ point as the vertical excitations at the R point are Pauli blocked below 0.2 eV37. Therefore, the CPGE will not be quantized in the current sample at low temperature in the photon energy range of 0.2–1.1 eV as the peak around 0.4 eV after the dip appears non-universal in general due to contributions from both nodes at Γ and R (see see Ef = −37 meV curve in Fig. 4a). However, if Ef is decreased further to lie close to the R point, this peak can reach 4β0 at room temperature even with a broadening of 38 meV (see Ef= −67 meV curve in Fig. 4b). As discussed below, this peak originates from the double Weyl fermion at the R point, and it is enabled by an accidental window of vanishing CPGE contribution from the Γ point. Finally, we note that electron-electron interactions can also correct the quantized value, as occurs for chiral Weyl semimetals39. While it is currently unknown how relevant these corrections are for multifold fermions, the large hole and electron pockets at Γ and R in CoSi suggest that screening should be strong and therefore interactions should have a small effect. The good agreement of our model calculations with the data, shown in Fig. 3a, is also consistent with this point of view. Experimentally, from the optical conductivity measurements we estimate a relative dielectric constant ϵ1 of the order of −2500 at 300 K and −10,000 at 10 K, further supporting a normal metallic behavior with very large screening of interactions. Also, specific heat measurements on CoSi also showed that it is a weakly correlated semimetal, as evidenced by a normal metallic Sommerfeld constant40. Because of these reasons interactions are neglected in this work.

### k⋅p model

To understand the origin of the dip-peak structure, it is necessary to describe the curvature of the middle band. To this end we derived a low-energy k p type model keeping symmetry-allowed terms up to quadratic order in momentum k. The resulting Hamiltonian reads

$$H= v{\bf{k}}\cdot {\bf{S}}+\left(\begin{array}{ccc}{c}_{1}{k}^{2}-2c{k}_{z}^{2}&b{k}_{y}{k}_{z}&b{k}_{z}{k}_{x}\\ b{k}_{y}{k}_{z}&{c}_{1}{k}^{2}-2c{k}_{x}^{2}&b{k}_{x}{k}_{y}\\ b{k}_{z}{k}_{x}&b{k}_{x}{k}_{y}&{c}_{1}{k}^{2}-2c{k}_{y}^{2}\end{array}\right),$$
(1)

where S is the vector of spin-1 matrices, and k = k. We fixed its coefficients vb, c, and $${c}_{1}=\frac{1}{3}(3a+2c)$$ with a fit to the band structure shown in Fig. 3b around the Γ point. The second term includes three out of the four symmetry-allowed quadratic terms because the fourth has a negligible effect on the CPGE (see Supplementary Note 6 for details). The energies expanded to second order in momentum for the three bands are plotted as colored lines in Fig. 3b. The coefficients b and c determine the curvature in the ΓX and ΓR directions, respectively. For the R point bands, we use a spin-degenerate double Weyl model that has a step increase in the CPGE current by 4β0 when excitations at R are allowed in Fig. 4d12.

The possible optical transitions in the band structure near the Γ point are illustrated in Fig. 3b. We label the bands with increasing energies as 1, 2, 3. For Ef above the threefold node, the only possible transition is from bands 2 to 3. As the frequency increases, this transition becomes active and yields a monotonically increasing joint density of states (JDOS)13. As shown in Fig. 4c, for Ef below the node, however, two types of transitions contribute: 1 to 2 and 2 to 3. The first transition from band 1 to band 2 (open purple circles) is active for a small range of energies, and then decays to zero. The second transition from band 2 to band 3 (open gold squares) only starts picking up at larger frequencies, leaving a dip in the JDOS and, therefore, a dip in the CPGE (solid blue line). The different frequencies where the transitions become active or inactive are labeled in Figs. 3b, 4c, d. Figure. 4d show that when we add the contributions from the threefold fermions at Γ and double Weyl fermion at R, the existence of the dip from the threefold fermions leads to the dip-peak structure observed in the ab-initio calculations, only when Ef is below the threefold node. In the k p model, we also show that while the dip is universally quantized, the peak is not because of the incomplete transitions from Γ. Note that the quantization of the peak not only depends on the Γ contribution but it also may be altered by the quadratic dispersion of the double Weyl fermion when it fully contributes to CPGE. However, as shown in Fig. 4b, decreasing Ef further could be used to diminish the contribution from the threefold fermions at around 0.4 eV and reveal the quantization due to the R point (see Supplementary Note 4 for details).

## Discussion

By studying the CPGE in the chiral topological semimetal CoSi we found a large longitudinal photo-conductivity in the mid-infrared regime, which has a purely topological origin linked to the existence of multifold fermions in this material. CoSi could potentially be used as a new mid-infrared detector based on a topological mechanism if the hot-carrier lifetime could be increased to around 1 ps, as observed in other semimetals41. Moreover, our theory suggests that a quantized CPGE is within reach in CoSi by several means. With the chemical potential below the threefold node, the very narrow quantized plateau around 100 meV corresponding to the Γ node could be accessible at low temperatures if the hot-carrier lifetime increases by one order of magnitude. Also, electron doping the Ef above the threefold node will result in a wider quantized plateau over 100–350 meV from the Γ node corresponding to the dip we calculate at low temperatures also if the hot-carrier lifetime increases by one order of magnitude. A quantized plateau around 0.4 eV corresponding to the R node can be revealed at T = 300 K by hole-doping, even with a similar short hot carrier lifetime as that of our current sample. We expect that these possibilities, opened by our work, motivate further effort on crystal growth with longer hot carrier lifetime and different doping, as well as time-resolved measurements in the mid-infrared regime to probe the hot carrier dynamics. The methods developed in our work could also be applied to other chiral topological semimetals18,42 to realize the quantized CPGE.

## Methods

### Crystal growth

High quality CoSi single crystals were prepared by a high temperature flux method with tellurium as flux. Cobalt pieces (Alfa Aesar 99.98%), silicon pieces (Alfa Aesar 99.999%), and tellurium lumps (Alfa Aesar 99.99%) with the molar ratio of 1:1:15–20 were set in an alumina crucible and then sealed in a fused silica ampule in around 0.8 atm argon environment. The ampule was heated to 1100 C with a speed of about 150 C/h. After soaking at 1100 C for 10 h, the ampule was cooled down to 700 C at the rate of 2 C/h, and the excess flux was centrifuged out at that temperature to get several single crystals with large (111) facet43. Crystals larger than 2 ×  2 mm were picked for THz emission experiments. We also performed a spatial SHG scanning of the sample and found an homogeneous signal.

### Second harmonic generation fit

For CoSi (111), the fits are:

$${I}_{{\mathrm{parallel}}}(\theta )=\frac{1}{6}| {\chi }_{xyz}^{(2)}{|}^{2}{\left({\cos}^{3}\theta -3\,{\cos} \,\theta \sin ^{2}\theta \right)}^{2}.$$
(2)
$${I}_{{\rm{crossed}}}(\theta )=\frac{1}{6}| {\chi }_{xyz}^{(2)}{| }^{2}{\left({\sin }^{3}\theta -3\,{\cos }^{2}\theta \sin \theta \right)}^{2}.$$
(3)

$${\chi }_{xyz}^{(2)}$$ is the only non-zero SHG tensor element in CoSi. θ is the angle between the incident polarization and the [1, 1, −2] axis.

### Terehertz emission spectroscopy

A laser beam from a Ti:sapphire amplifier (center photon energy 1.55 eV, repetition rate 1 kHz, duration  ~35 fs) was split by a beam splitter into pump and probe beams. On the pump side, an optical parametric amplifier is used to convert the photon energy to 0.47–1.1 eV (pulse duration 40–70 fs), and a different frequency generation is used to further convert photon energy to 0.20–0.48 eV (pulse duration 70–110 fs). The laser beams were then focused by a 40-cm BaF2 lens or a 40-cm germanium lens onto the sample with a diameter of 1 mm under 45 degree angle of incidence. A typical pump power of 15 μJ per pulse was used, which falls into the linear response range. The emitted THz wave was collected by an off-axis parabolic mirror (OAP) and focused by another OAP onto an electro-optic (EO) crystal, ZnTe (110). The probe beam was co-propagating with the THz wave into the EO crystal to detect the THz electric field using EO-sampling method29. All of the measurement were performed in a dry-air environment with relative humidity less than 3% to avoid water absorption. To control the polarization of pump pulses, a quartz-MgF2 achromatic quarter-wave plate (600–2700 nm, retardance error ≤ λ/500) and a MgF2 achromatic quarter-wave plate (2500–7000 nm, retardance error ≤ λ/100) were used. A THz wire-grid polarizer was used to extract out-of-plane (Ey) and in-plane (Exz) components of THz electric field. A benchmarking crystal ZnTe (110) was used as a standard candle to extract the photo-galvanic response from CoSi. Both crystals were mounted on a computer-controlled motor to reliably change the position. For each incident photon energy, measurement of CoSi was immediately followed by ZnTe to avoid long-term fluctuation of laser power. By comparing the THz electric field of CoSi and ZnTe in frequency domain, the photo-galvanic response of the CoSi crystal could be obtained (see Supplementary Note 1 for details).

### First principle calculation

To calculate the CPGE current, we obtain the density-functional theory (DFT) Bloch wave functions from the Full-Potential Local-Orbital program (FPLO)44 within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA)45. By projecting the Bloch wave functions onto Wannier functions, we obtain a tight-binding Hamiltonian with 104 bands from 3d, 4s, 4p orbitals of Co and 3s, 3p, orbitals of Si, which we use for efficient evaluation of the CPGE photocurrent.

To implement the CPGE integrals in Eq. (4), the Brillouin zone was sampled by k-grids from 200 × 200 × 200 to 960 × 960 × 96046. Satisfactory convergence (less than 2% change) was achieved for a k-grid of size 400 × 400 × 400. The temperature dependence is implemented by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function and we also include a hot-carrier lifetime broadening factor (see Supplementary Note 4 for details). CoSi is in space group P213 (#198), with point group 23 (T). Owing to the two-fold glide rotation symmetry s2xs2ys2z, only diagonal tensor elements are nonzero, and the C3 rotation symmetry further leads to a single independent component βxx = βyy = βzz. We carefully checked the symmetry of numerically calculated tensor elements with the tensor shape given by lattice symmetry and found the errors to be within 10−6. The full circular photo-galvanic effect tensor is given by

$${\beta }_{ab}(\omega )= \frac{i\pi {e}^{3}}{4\hslash }{\int}_{{\rm{BZ}}}\frac{{\rm{d}}{\bf{k}}}{{(2\pi )}^{2}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{n \,{> }\,m}{\epsilon }^{bcd}{f}_{nm}\\ \times {\Delta }_{mn}^{a}{\rm{Im}}[{r}_{nm}^{d}{r}_{mn}^{c}]{{\mathcal{L}}}_{\tau }({E}_{nm}-\hslash \omega ),$$
(4)

where Emn ≡ Em − En, fmn ≡ fm − fn are the difference of band dispersion and Fermi–Dirac distribution, respectively, $${\Delta }_{mn}^{a}\equiv {\partial }_{{k}_{a}}{E}_{mn}/\hslash$$, $${r}_{mn}^{a}\equiv i\langle m| {\partial }_{{k}_{a}}n\rangle$$ is the interband transition matrix element or off-diagonal Berry connection. The finite relaxation time τ is considered via the Lorentzian function $${{\mathcal{L}}}_{\tau }({E}_{nm}-\omega )$$.

## Data availability

All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and the Supplementary Information. Additional data related to this paper could be requested from the authors.

## References

1. Sturman, B. I. & Fridkin, V. M. Photovoltaic and Photo-Refractive Effects in Noncentrosymmetric Materials, Vol. 8 (CRC Press, 1992).

2. Ganichev, S. D. & Prettl, W. Spin photocurrents in quantum wells. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, R935 (2003).

3. Yuan, H. et al. Generation and electric control of spin–valley-coupled circular photo-galvanic current in WSe2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 851 (2014).

4. McIver, J., Hsieh, D., Steinberg, H., Jarillo-Herrero, P. & Gedik, N. Control over topological insulator photocurrents with light polarization. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 96 (2012).

5. Olbrich, P. et al. Room-temperature high-frequency transport of Dirac fermions in epitaxially grown Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3-based topological insulators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 096601 (2014).

6. Okada, K. N. et al. Enhanced photo-galvanic current in topological insulators via Fermi energy tuning. Phys. Rev. B 93, 081403 (2016).

7. Ma, Q. et al. Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal. Nat. Phys. 13, 842 (2017).

8. Sirica, N. et al. Tracking ultrafast photocurrents in the Weyl semimetal TaAs using THz emission spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 197401 (2019).

9. Gao, Y. et al. Chiral terahertz wave emission from the Weyl semimetal TaAs. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10 (2020).

10. Asnin, V. et al. “Circular” photo-galvanic effect in optically active crystals. Solid State Commun. 30, 565–570 (1979).

11. de Juan, F., Grushin, A. G., Morimoto, T. & Moore, J. E. Quantized circular photo-galvanic effect in Weyl semimetals. Nat. Commun. 8, 15995 (2017).

12. Chang, G. et al. Unconventional chiral fermions and large topological Fermi arcs in RhSi. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 206401 (2017).

13. Flicker, F. et al. Chiral optical response of multifold fermions. Phys. Rev. B 98, 155145 (2018).

14. de Juan, F. et al. Difference frequency generation in topological semimetals. Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 012017 (2020).

15. Huang, S.-M. et al. New type of Weyl semimetal with quadratic double Weyl fermions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 1180–1185 (2016).

16. Weng, H., Fang, C., Fang, Z., Bernevig, B. A. & Dai, X. Weyl semimetal phase in noncentrosymmetric transition-metal monophosphides. Phys. Rev. X 5, 011029 (2015).

17. Huang, S.-M. et al. A Weyl Fermion semimetal with surface Fermi arcs in the transition metal monopnictide TaAs class. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–6 (2015).

18. Bradlyn, B. et al. Beyond Dirac and Weyl fermions: unconventional quasiparticles in conventional crystals. Science 353, aaf5037 (2016).

19. Tang, P., Zhou, Q. & Zhang, S.-C. Multiple types of topological fermions in transition metal silicides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 206402 (2017).

20. Rao, Z. et al. Observation of unconventional chiral fermions with long Fermi arcs in CoSi. Nature 567, 496 (2019).

21. Sanchez, D. S. et al. Topological chiral crystals with helicoid-arc quantum states. Nature 567, 500 (2019).

22. Takane, D. et al. Observation of chiral fermions with a large topological charge and associated Fermi-arc surface states in CoSi. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 076402 (2019).

23. Schröter, N. B. et al. Chiral topological semimetal with multifold band crossings and long Fermi arcs. Nat. Phys. 15, 759–765 (2019).

24. Rees, D. et al. Helicity-dependent photocurrents in the chiral Weyl semimetal RhSi. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba0509 (2020).

25. Ni, Z. et al. Linear and nonlinear optical responses in the chiral multifold semimetal RhSi. npj Quantum Mater. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41535-020-00298-y (2020). In press.

26. Braun, L. et al. Ultrafast photocurrents at the surface of the three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3. Nat. Commun. 7, 13259 (2016).

27. Sotome, M. et al. Spectral dynamics of shift current in ferroelectric semiconductor sbsi. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 1929–1933 (2019).

28. Song, J. C. & Levitov, L. S. Shockley-Ramo theorem and long-range photocurrent response in gapless materials. Phys. Rev. B 90, 075415 (2014).

29. Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Terahertz radiation from semiconductors. In Ultrafast Dynamical Processes in Semiconductors. 1–56 (Springer, 2004).

30. Nastos, F. & Sipe, J. Optical rectification and shift currents in GaAs and GaP response: Below and above the band gap. Phys. Rev. B 74, 035201 (2006).

31. Wu, L. et al. Giant anisotropic nonlinear optical response in transition metal monopnictide Weyl semimetals. Nat. Phys. 13, 350 (2017).

32. Hernández-Cabrera, A., Tejedor, C. & Meseguer, F. Linear electro-optic effects in zinc blende semiconductors. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 4666–4669 (1985).

33. Zhang, Y., de Juan, F., Grushin, A. G., Felser, C. & Sun, Y. Strong bulk photovoltaic effect in chiral crystals in the visible spectrum. Phys. Rev. B 100, 245206 (2019).

34. Fei, R., Tan, L. Z. & Rappe, A. M. Shift-current bulk photovoltaic effect influenced by quasiparticle and exciton. Phys. Rev. B 101, 045104 (2020).

35. Rangel, T. et al. Large bulk photovoltaic effect and spontaneous polarization of single-layer monochalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 067402 (2017).

36. Osterhoudt, G. B. et al. Colossal mid-infrared bulk photovoltaic effect in a type-I Weyl semimetal. Nat. Mater. 18, 471 (2019).

37. Xu, B. et al. Optical signatures of multifold fermions in the chiral topological semimetal CoSi. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 27104–27110 (2020).

38. Yuan, Q.-Q. et al. Quasiparticle interference evidence of the topological Fermi arc states in chiral fermionic semimetal CoSi. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw9485 (2019).

39. Avdoshkin, A., Kozii, V. & Moore, J. E. Interactions remove the quantization of the chiral photocurrent at Weyl points. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 196603 (2020).

40. Petrova, A. E. et al. Elastic, thermodynamic, and electronic properties of MnSi, FeSi, and CoSi. Phys. Rev. B 82, 155124 (2010).

41. Zhu, C. et al. Broadband hot-carrier dynamics in three-dimensional Dirac semimetal Cd3As2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 091101 (2017).

42. Chang, G. et al. Topological quantum properties of chiral crystals. Nat. Mater. 17, 978 (2018).

43. Xu, X. et al. Crystal growth and quantum oscillations in the topological chiral semimetal CoSi. Phys. Rev. B 100, 045104 (2019).

44. Koepernik, K. & Eschrig, H. Full-potential nonorthogonal local-orbital minimum-basis band-structure scheme. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1743 (1999).

45. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996).

46. Zhang, Y. et al. photo-galvanic effect in Weyl semimetals from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 97, 241118(R) (2018).

## Acknowledgements

We thank C. L. Kane for helpful discussions and N. P. Armitage and J. Stensberg for proof-reading the manuscript. Z.N. and L.W. are supported by the ARO YIP award under the Grant W911NF1910342. X.H. is partially supported by the ARO MURI under the Grant W911NF2020166. The acquisition of the oscillator laser for the SHG experiment is supported by NSF through the University of Pennsylvania Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) (DMR-1720530). E.J.M’s theoretical work is supported by the DOE under grant DE FG02 84ER45118. Research at the University of Maryland was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative through Grant No. GBMF9071, and the Maryland Quantum Materials Center. Y.Z. is currently supported by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award desc0018945 to Liang Fu. F.J. acknowledges funding from the Spanish MCI/AEI through grant No. PGC2018-101988-B-C21. O.P. is supported by an FPU predoctoral contract from MECD No. FPU16/05460 and the Spanish grant PGC2018-099199-BI00 from MCIU/AEI/FEDER. B.X. is supported by the Schweizerische Nationalfonds (SNF) by Grant No. 200020-172611. A.G.G. is supported by the ANR under the grant ANR-18-CE30-0001-01 (TOPODRIVE) and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 829044 (SCHINES). Y.Z., K.M., and C.F. acknowledge the financial support from the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant No. 742068 "TOP-MAT”; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through SFB 1143, and the Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence on Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter-ct.qmat (EXC 2147, Project No. 390858490). The DFT calculations are carried on Draco cluster of MPCDF, Max Planck society.

## Author information

Authors

### Contributions

L.W. conceived the project and coordinated the experiments and theory. Z.N., X.H., and L.W. built the THz emission setup. Z.N. performed the THz emission experiments under the supervision of L.W.. Z.N., and L.W. analyzed the data. Z.N., L.W., and E.J.M. performed the symmetry analysis. B.X. performed the optical conductivity measurement. Y.Z. performed DFT calculation. O.P. and F.J. performed the k p calculation. A.G.G. performed the tight-binding calculation. K.W., K.M., J.P., and C.F. grew the crystals. L.W., F.J., and A.G.G. wrote the manuscript from contributions of all authors. E.J.M. edited the manuscript. L.W., Z.N., O.P., A.G.G., F.J., and Y. Z. wrote the supplementary information. Z.N., K.W., and Y.Z. contributed equally to this work.

### Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liang Wu.

## Ethics declarations

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Ni, Z., Wang, K., Zhang, Y. et al. Giant topological longitudinal circular photo-galvanic effect in the chiral multifold semimetal CoSi. Nat Commun 12, 154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20408-5

• Accepted:

• Published:

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20408-5

• ### Abnormal nonlinear optical responses on the surface of topological materials

• Haowei Xu
• Hua Wang
• Ju Li

npj Computational Materials (2022)

• ### Chirality locking charge density waves in a chiral crystal

• Geng Li
• Haitao Yang
• Hong-Jun Gao

Nature Communications (2022)

• ### Weyl, Dirac and high-fold chiral fermions in topological quantum matter

• M. Zahid Hasan
• Guoqing Chang
• Jia-Xin Yin

Nature Reviews Materials (2021)

• ### Topology and geometry under the nonlinear electromagnetic spotlight

• Qiong Ma
• Kenneth S. Burch

Nature Materials (2021)

• ### Optical detection of quantum geometric tensor in intrinsic semiconductors

• Zhi Li
• Shengli Zhang
• Haibo Zeng

Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy (2021)