Interface-induced sign reversal of the anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulator heterostructures

The Berry phase picture provides important insights into the electronic properties of condensed matter systems. The intrinsic anomalous Hall (AH) effect can be understood as the consequence of non-zero Berry curvature in momentum space. Here, we fabricate TI/magnetic TI heterostructures and find that the sign of the AH effect in the magnetic TI layer can be changed from being positive to negative with increasing the thickness of the top TI layer. Our first-principles calculations show that the built-in electric fields at the TI/magnetic TI interface influence the band structure of the magnetic TI layer, and thus lead to a reconstruction of the Berry curvature in the heterostructure samples. Based on the interface-induced AH effect with a negative sign in TI/V-doped TI bilayer structures, we create an artificial “topological Hall effect”-like feature in the Hall trace of the V-doped TI/TI/Cr-doped TI sandwich heterostructures. Our study provides a new route to create the Berry curvature change in magnetic topological materials that may lead to potential technological applications. Berry curvature connects to exotic electronic phases hence it provides important insights to understand quantum materials. Here, the authors report sign change of the anomalous Hall effect resulted from Berry curvature change at the interface of a topological insulator/magnetic topological insulator heterostructure.

T he Berry phase is a quantum geometrical phase that has provided deep insights into the topological electronic properties of quantum materials [1][2][3][4] . Since the Berry phase encodes the adiabatic evolution of occupied eigen wave functions around the Fermi surface in the first Brillouin zone (BZ) of momentum space 4,5 , it is also important for understanding certain physical phenomena of quantum materials such as the intrinsic anomalous Hall (AH) effect 6 . In the 1950s, Karplus and Luttinger 7 first proposed the idea that an AH effect of intrinsic origin can arise from the properties of the electronic band structure of a material. This connection was reformulated in the language of the Berry phase in the early 2000s 6,[8][9][10] . The Berry curvature ΩðkÞ of the occupied Bloch bands is equivalent to an effective magnetic field in momentum space; this can affect the motion of electrons and gives rise to the AH effect in ferromagnetic (FM) materials 6 . Therefore, the Hall conductance (σ xy ) of the intrinsic AH effect in a two-dimensional (2D) FM material can be, in essence, calculated from the Fermi-sea integration of the Berry curvature Ω in its first BZ: where e is the elementary charge, h is the Planck constant, andk is the momentum wavevector. Because the integration of Berry curvature Ω for occupied Bloch bands in the first BZ of a 2D FM insulator equals its Chern number C multiple of 2π, i.e. R BZ ΩðkÞd 2k ¼ 2πC, σ xy is therefore quantized as the following equation: The experimental realization of the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect in Cr-doped (Bi,Sb) 2 Te 3 film, confirming Eq. (2) with C = 1, also establishes convincingly that the intrinsic mechanism is solely responsible for the AH effect in magnetic TIs at least when the chemical potential of the sample is tuned near or located in the magnetic exchange gap [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . However, when the chemical potential of magnetic TI is tuned away from the magnetic exchange gap and crosses the bulk bands, it is not clear whether the intrinsic AH effect in magnetic TI is still dominant.
The origin of the AH effect in the metallic regime can be studied by exploring the scaling relationship between the AH resistance (ρ yx ) and the longitudinal resistance (ρ xx ). A quadratic dependence (i.e. ρ yx / ρ 2 xx ) usually indicates that the AH effect is induced by scattering independent mechanisms, i.e. either intrinsic 6 or extrinsic side-jump 19 , while a linear dependence (i.e. ρ yx ∝ ρ xx ) can only be a result of extrinsic skew scattering 20,21 . It has been theoretically proposed 8 and experimentally demonstrated 22,23 that the AH effect in metallic diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) (e.g. Mn-doped GaAs) is dominated by intrinsic mechanisms invoking the Berry phase 6 . Since the magnetically doped TI is in principle also a class of DMSs, it is expected that the intrinsic AH contribution is still dominant when the bulk channels are introduced in the magnetic TI. Provided the intrinsic AH contribution is still dominant, it is not clear whether the AH effect and the corresponding Berry curvature Ω in metallic magnetic TIs can be altered.
In this paper, we deposited TI films of different thicknesses on top of the magnetic TI film to form TI/magnetic TI bilayer heterostructures and systematically carried out Hall measurements under different temperatures (T) and different gate voltage (V g ). We observed a quadratic dependence between ρ yx and ρ xx (i.e ρ yx / ρ 2 xx ) in the metallic regime of the magnetic TI samples, demonstrating the scattering independent origin of the AH effect. By tuning the TI thickness and/or the electric gate voltages, the magnitude and the sign of the AH effect for the magnetic TI heterostructures can be changed. We carried out first-principles calculations and attributed this AH effect change to the interfaceinduced Berry curvature reconstruction, which occurs due to the band structure modulation of the magnetic TI layers induced by built-in electric fields. We then fabricated the magnetic TI/TI/ magnetic TI sandwich heterostructures with different dopants and were at first surprised to find a topological Hall (TH) effectlike behavior in the Hall traces. However, our careful analysis of the data shows that this apparent "TH effect" is not a result of the formation of chiral spin textures in the samples but due to the superposition of two AH effects with opposite signs. The interface-induced AH change realized in magnetic TI heterostructures opens a new avenue for systematic studies of the intrinsic AH effect of magnetic topological materials.

Results
Samples structures and intrinsic AH effect in metallic magnetic TI films. The samples used in this work are m quintuple layers (QL) Sb 2 Te 3 with m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on top of 5 QL V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayers and 5 QL Cr-doped Sb 2 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 sandwiches. All samples were grown on 0.5-mmthick heat-treated SrTiO 3 (111) substrates in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) chambers. Electrical transport measurements were performed in a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) (2 K/9 T) with the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the film plane. The excitation current used in our measurements is 1 μA. Six-terminal Hall bars with a bottom-gate electrode were used for electrical transport studies. The Hall transport results shown here were anti-symmetrized as a function of the magnetic field and the ordinary Hall effect contributions were subtracted.
We first examined the relationship between the intrinsic AH effect and the integration of Berry curvature Ω of all the occupied Bloch bands in FM materials. As shown in Eq. (1), in the metallic regime of the 2D ferromagnets, the non-quantized Hall conductance σ xy can be calculated by integrating the Berry curvature Ω in the first BZ (∫Ω) but with an opposite sign 3 . When an external magnetic field B is applied perpendicular to the sample, the spontaneously ordered magnetic moments deflects the motion of electrons and the AH effect emerges (Fig. 1a, b). When the internal magnetization M points upward, the mobile electrons move to the high potential side for ∫Ω < 0, so σ xy > 0 ( Fig. 1a) and the intrinsic AH hysteresis exhibits a positive sign (Fig. 1c). If ∫Ω > 0 in the FM materials, the mobile electrons will move to the lower potential side under positive internal magnetization M, so σ xy < 0 (Fig. 1b) and the sign of the intrinsic AH effect becomes negative (Fig. 1d). Therefore, the intrinsic AH effect can be used as an electrical transport probe to detect the Berry curvature Ω of the FM materials.
In order to demonstrate the dominance of the intrinsic AH effect in the metallic regime of magnetically doped TI films, we studied the dependence between ρ yx and ρ xx in a series of 5 QL Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 (Sb 2−x V x Te 3 ) samples with different V concentration x (x ≥ 0.10). Figure 1e shows the ρ yx under zero magnetic field (labeled as ρ yx (0)) versus ρ xx under zero magnetic field (labeled as ρ xx (0)) curve plotted on a log-log scale in the lowtemperature regions (more transport results are shown in Supplementary Note 2). This curve is linearly fitted and gives the scaling exponent α in the formula ρ yx ð0Þ / ρ α xx ð0Þ. We found α~1.84 ± 0.02, 1.94 ± 0.01, and 1.91 ± 0.02 for x = 0.10, 0.16, and 0.20 samples, respectively. Since the α values are all very close to 2, we conclude the scattering independent (i.e. the intrinsic and/ or extrinsic side-jump) mechanisms are primarily responsible for the AH effect in the metallic magnetic TI films 6 . However, since the TI materials have strongly spin-orbit coupled bands 1,2 , the intrinsic contribution is expected to be dominant 6 , similar to the AH effect in the well-studied magnetic Heusler and half-Heusler metals [24][25][26] . We will next focus on altering this intrinsic AH effect by adding additional undoped TI layer(s) on top of magnetic TI layers.
Interface-induced AH change in TI/magnetic TI bilayers.  i.e. ρ yx > 0 for M > 0). Under zero magnetic field, ρ yx (0) are~62 and~7.5 Ω, respectively (Fig. 2a, b). Both values are much lower than the quantized value (~25.8 kΩ), indicating that the chemical potential is crossing the bulk valence bands and the sample is located in the metallic regime 12,27 . When we increase the thickness (m ≥ 2) of the Sb 2 Te 3 layer, the sign of the AH effect reverses and becomes negative (i.e. ρ yx < 0 for M > 0). The absolute value of ρ yx (0) increases from~1.2 Ω for the m = 2 sample to~10 Ω for the m = 4 sample (Fig. 2c-e). With further increase in the thickness m of the undoped TI layer, ρ yx (0) decreases due to the introduction of more conduction from the thick undoped TI  layer. For the m = 5 sample, the absolute value of ρ yx (0) is~0.5 Ω and the AH hysteresis loop becomes less squared (Fig. 2f).
We summarized the temperature dependence of ρ yx (0) for these six samples in Fig. 2g. For the m = 0 sample, the temperature dependence of ρ yx (0) is monotonic and ρ yx (0) becomes 0 at T = 40 K, suggesting the Curie temperature (T C ) of 5 QL Sb 1.9 V 0.1 Te 3 is~40 K. This temperature dependence is typical in conventional DMS 28 and magnetically doped TI samples 29,30 . For the m = 1 sample, ρ yx (0) first increases and then decreases with temperature showing a maximum at T = 15 K. ρ yx (0) vanishes at T = 40 K. For the m = 2 sample, as noted above, ρ yx (0) < 0 at T = 2 K. With further increase in temperature, the magnitude of ρ yx (0) decreases monotonically and becomes zero at T = 8 K. ρ yx (0) of the m = 3 sample shows an unusual temperature dependence, specifically it changes its sign from being negative to positive near T = 11 K. In other words, this sample shows a linear Hall trace at T = 11 K. Note that the linear Hall trace observed here does not mean that the FM order is absent because the sample still shows a butterfly magnetoresistance curve (see Supplementary Note 4). Instead, ρ yx (0) = 0 at T = 11 K indicates ∫Ω = 0 of the occupied Bloch bands in the 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Sb 1.9 V 0.1 Te 3 bilayer sample. For the m = 4 and m = 5 sample, ρ yx (0) < 0 in the entire temperature range and its absolute value decreases monotonically with increasing temperature T. We note that the butterfly structure of ρ xx in all samples disappears at T = 40 K ( Supplementary Fig. 7), suggesting that T C of all these samples is~40 K and the V atoms in the bottom Vdoped TI layer do not diffuse into the top TI layer. We, therefore, concluded the magnitude and the sign changes in these bilayer heterostructures are results of the change in the integration of the Berry curvature ∫Ω. This will be discussed in more detail below based on the gate tuning of the sample. Figure 3a-e shows the magnetic field (μ 0 H) dependence of ρ yx under different gate voltage V g s at T = 11 K for the m = 3 sample. As noted above, ρ yx shows a linear behavior at V g = 0 V (Fig. 3c). By applying a negative V g to introduce hole carriers into the sample, the AH hysteresis with a positive sign appears, suggesting ∫Ω < 0 (Fig. 3a, b). When applying a positive V g , the electron carriers are introduced, the AH hysteresis with a negative sign appears, suggesting ∫Ω > 0 (Fig. 3d, e). Therefore, the samples tend to show the AH effect with the positive (negative) sign when injecting the hole (electron) carriers. It is interesting to note that our observation here is opposite to that reported in (Bi,Sb) 2 Te 3 / Cr-doped (Bi,Sb) 2 Te 3 bilayer samples 31 . Figure 3f shows the 2D color contour plot of ρ yx (0) on the T and V g plane, which is divided into two regions by a dashed line that extends to zero temperature. Positive ρ yx (0) is favored at higher T and negative V g with more hole carriers injected, while negative ρ yx (0) is favored at lower T and positive V g with more electron carriers injected. Therefore, both the magnitude and the sign of ρ yx can also be changed by varying the gating voltage.
Theoretical analysis of the interface-induced AH change in TI/ magnetic TI bilayers. The magnitude and the sign changes of ρ yx induced by varying the thickness of the top undoped TI layer can be interpreted based on the Berry curvature distribution change in the bottom V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layer, modulated by the built-in electric fields at the interface between the Sb 2 Te 3 and V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layers. Prior studies have demonstrated that the V dopants in Sb 2 Te 3 can introduce more hole carriers 12,32,33 . In other words, the chemical potential of the V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layer compared to that of the Sb 2 Te 3 layer is more deeply buried in the bulk valence bands (Fig. 4a). When an additional Sb 2 Te 3 layer is deposited on top of the 5 QL V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layer to form the Sb 2 Te 3 /Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayer heterostructures, additional hole carriers in the V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layers can move to the Sb 2 Te 3 layers and thus a built-in electric field is created at the Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 interface. As a consequence, the chemical potentials of the Sb 2 Te 3 and V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layers are pulled to the same level (Fig. 4a). The thicker undoped Sb 2 Te 3 layer expects to accept more hole carriers from the V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 layer and thus induce a larger built-in electric field at the Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 interface.
To simulate the effect induced by the built-in electric field at the TI/magnetic TI interface, we carried out first-principles calculations on the electronic band structures and the corresponding AH conductance σ xy of 5 QL Sb 1.9 V 0.1 Te 3 films with Structure II (i.e. two V atoms located at the third outermost Sb layers, see more details and calculated electronic band structures and the Berry curvature distributions for other three kinds of structures in Supplementary Note 8) under different electric fields (Fig. 4b-i). We see that there is no QAH effect regime for all cases. A trivial gap is formed between the bulk conduction and valence bands, where the Hall conductance σ xy is zero. We speculate this gap is likely induced by the hybridization between the top and bottom surface states 34 . We note that the TI/magnetic TI bilayer structures are not suitable for the realization of the QAH effect because one surface state of the undoped TI layer is always not gapped. By adjusting the magnitude of E, we can simulate the observed intrinsic AH effect of the Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayer heterostructures with different thicknesses of the undoped Sb 2 Te 3 layers. The calculated AH conductance σ xy can be either positive or negative with the chemical potential located at different energy levels (Fig. 4b, d, f, h). The Berry curvature distributions under different E were also calculated with the chemical potential located at different energy levels (i.e. +42, 0, and −30 meV) (Fig. 4c, e, g, i). These energy levels are chosen to be within the range of the V g -induced chemical potential shift. Our calculations show that the band crossing and/or anti-crossing (by spin-orbit coupling) in the bulk bands can contribute a large Berry curvature, consistent with prior studies 9,10 . Once the chemical potential shifts away from the crossing and/or anticrossing bands or the built-in electric field modulates the crossing and/or anti-crossing bands, the Berry curvature would have a significant change, which can correspondingly change the AH conductance σ xy including both magnitude and sign.
For the 5 QL V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 films without the electric field (i.e. E = 0 V/Å), the spatial inversion is preserved, and the Berry curvature distribution shows an exact hexagonal pattern (Fig. 4c). We found that there is a narrow energy region with a positive AH conductance σ xy near the Fermi level which originates from the large negative Berry curvature induced by the appearance of the band anti-crossing in the calculated electronic band structures (Fig. 4b) 9,10 . Once electric fields are introduced, the spatial inversion symmetry is broken and the Berry curvature distribution consequently loses the hexagonal pattern (Fig. 4e, g, i). We note that the electric field E can evidently tune the position of the band anti-crossing. For example, within the energy region of the positive AH conductance σ xy , the gap of band anti-crossing along Γ−Κ′ first close and then reopen under the electric fields, which changes the Berry curvature from negative to positive. Larger electric fields (e.g. E = 0.001 V/Å and 0.0015 V/Å) tunes σ xy from being positive to negative (Fig. 4f-i). Therefore, our firstprinciples calculations demonstrate that the built-in electric fields play a key role in the reconstruction of the Berry curvature and the magnitude and sign change of σ xy in Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayer samples.
Next, we discuss whether the chemical potential of Sb 2 Te 3 /Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayer samples in experiments could locate into or near the AH sign reversal region of our first-principles calculations. We made the following rough estimation. From our Hall results, the carrier densities of the m = 0 to m = 5 samples at V g = 0 V (Fig. 2) are 1.04, 3.54, 5.93, 1.67, 2.46, and 1.74 × 10 13 cm −2 , respectively. By combining with the calculated density of states of the 5 QL Sb 1.9 V 0.1 Te 3 films under E = 0 V/Å, we estimated the positions of the chemical potential arẽ 0.07,~0.13,~0.19,~0.09,~0.11, and 0.09 eV below the top of bulk valence bands. We found that the estimated chemical potentials are slightly higher than the AH sign reversal regime induced by the built-in electric fields except for the m = 2 sample. We attributed this small difference to a reasonable error bar of the estimation. There are two kinds of approximations made in our first-principles calculations. The first approximation is that we do not take the top undoped Sb 2 Te 3 layer into account in our simulation and we assume the carriers uniformly distributed in the undoped Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 heterostructure samples. However, the carrier concentrations in real bilayer samples are different in undoped Sb 2 Te 3 and Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 layers (Fig. 4a), as discussed above. The second approximation is to use the supercell model to simulate the V doping in our calculations, in which V doping atoms are assumed to distribute periodically, thus forming bands near the Fermi energy. A significant portion of bulk valence bands comes from the contribution of V atom d orbitals near the Fermi energy while V atoms in the real V-doped TI samples should be distributed completely randomly and the atomic orbitals from V atoms cannot form bands. This means that some hole carriers that occupied the V atom orbitals should be localized and cannot contribute to the transport measurements. Therefore, it is acceptable to consider that the chemical potential in real samples locates within or near the AH sign reversal region in our theoretical calculations. In our experiments, the m = 0 sample without the built-in electric field always shows a positive AH sign, which further supports our interpretation.
As noted above, the electron from the undoped TI to magnetic TI layers yields a built-in electric field at the interface. This builtin electric field moves the chemical potential of the magnetic TI layer upward and at the same time reconstructs the electronic band structure, as well as the corresponding Berry curvature distribution. We therefore conclude that the interface-induced AH effect change in TI/magnetic TI bilayer sample is indeed from the Berry curvature distribution change. For the m = 4 sample, the AH resistance reaches a maximum value (Fig. 2), so we roughly estimate the effective penetration length of the built-in electric field as 4 QL (i.e. 4 nm) in our TI/magnetic TI bilayer samples. In other words, any undoped TI layer greater than 4 QL will not further contribute to the formation of the built-in electric field, but the better conduction of the thick undoped TI layer will shunt the current going through the bottom magnetic TI layer and thus the AH effect will decrease and finally disappear. Note that some valence bands induced by random V dopants are localized and does not contribute the AH conductance σ xy , which should be overestimated in our calculations. Moreover, the carriers in the real samples are inevitably scattered by the impurities and defects and thus have a finite relaxation time 6 , which would reduce the AH velocity and significantly suppress the intrinsic AH conductance σ xy in the dirty limit 35 . Therefore, the calculated values of σ xy here are generally larger than the experimental values shown in Fig. 2.
The temperature dependence of the AH resistance ρ yx (Fig. 2f) can also be qualitatively interpreted by the above picture. For the m = 1, 2, and 3 samples, a large number of holes can be thermally excited with increasing temperature in both V-doped and undoped Sb 2 Te 3 layers, thus weakening the electron transfer effect between these two layers, so ρ yx of the Sb 2 Te 3 /V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 heterostructure will become more similar to the m = 0 sample. The weakening of charge transfer effect explains the sign change of the AH resistance ρ yx for the m = 3 sample with increasing temperature. When the temperature approaches towards T C , the magnitude of ρ yx always decreases towards zero due to the disappearance of magnetization.
In the following, we discuss the different roles of the growth of the undoped TI layer and the application of the bottom-gate voltage for the AH change in our experiments. By varying the thickness of the undoped TI layer, it mainly affects the magnitude of the built-in electric fields and thus influences the electronic band structures and Berry curvature distribution, while the application of the gate voltage is primarily to induce the chemical potential shift. In addition, the metallic properties of highly holedoped Sb 2 Te 3 or V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 samples might affect the distribution of the electric fields in TI/magnetic TI bilayer samples, i.e. the built-in electric field in the m QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Vdoped Sb 2 Te 3 bilayers is very likely located only at the interface regime. Based on the above estimated chemical potential positions of different bilayer samples (Fig. 2) and chemical potential shift of the 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 sample (Fig. 3), we found both values are consistent with our built-in electric field picture, so our theoretical analysis qualitatively explains our experimental results.
Artificial "TH effect" in Cr-doped TI/TI/V-doped TI trilayer samples. Since the Cr-doped TI layer and Cr-doped TI/TI bilayer usually show the AH effect with a positive sign 30 (see Supplementary Note 6), the realization of the AH effect with a negative sign in TI/V-doped TI bilayer structures provides us an opportunity to study two decoupled FM orders with opposite AH signs and different coercive fields (μ 0 H c ). Therefore, we fabricated the 5 QL Cr-doped Sb 2 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 sandwich heterostructures (Fig. 5) and systematically studied its Hall traces at different temperatures. In our sandwich heterostructures, the middle 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 plays the following duo roles: (i) it weakens the interlayer coupling effects between the top and bottom magnetic TI layers; (ii) it drives the bottom V-doped TI shows the AH effect with negative sign, as discussed above. In Hall measurements, the two AH effects with opposite AH signs and different μ 0 H c can be added together to form unusual AH hysteresis loops. When the absolute value of ρ yx in Cr-doped TI is larger than that of V-doped TI, the AH effect of the Cr-doped TI layer is dominant, and the total AH hysteresis loop shows a positive sign (Fig. 5a), we named this as "Type 1" AH hysteresis loop. When the absolute value of ρ yx in Cr-doped TI is less than that of V-doped TI, the AH effect of the V-doped TI layer is dominant, and the total AH hysteresis loop shows a negative sign (Fig. 5b), we named it as "Type 2" AH loop. In both cases, two anti-symmetric humps appear when the external magnetic field μ 0 H is between μ 0 H c1 and μ 0 H c2 . Here μ 0 H c1 and μ 0 H c2 are the coercive fields of the top Cr-doped TI and the bottom V-doped TI layers, respectively. A "hump" feature in the AH hysteresis loop can result from the formation of chiral spin textures in samples and is usually known as the TH effect [36][37][38][39] . The hump feature observed in our sandwich samples, on the other hand, is the result of the superposition of two AH effects with opposite signs.
We performed Hall measurements on the 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Sb 1.92 V 0.08 Te 3 and 5 QL Sb 1.84 Cr 0.16 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 bilayer samples. As discussed above, the former sample does show the AH effect with a negative sign (Fig. 5d, g), while the latter shows the AH effect with the positive sign (Fig. 5e, h), consistent with prior studies 29,30 and our theoretical calculations (see Supplementary Note 9). Because the temperature dependences of ρ yx in these two bilayer samples are different, both types of AH loops can be realized in the 5 QL Sb 1.84 Cr 0.16 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Sb 1.92 V 0.08 Te 3 sample in different temperature regions (see Supplementary Note 6). Since the absolute value of ρ yx in 5 QL Sb 1.84 Cr 0.16 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 is larger than that of 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Sb 1.92 V 0.08 Te 3 at T = 2 K, "Type 1" AH loop is observed (Fig. 5f). At T = 12 K, the absolute value of ρ yx in 5 QL Sb 1.84 Cr 0.16 Te 3 /3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 is comparable to or less than that of 3 QL Sb 2 Te 3 /5 QL Sb 1.92 V 0.08 Te 3 ; therefore, "Type 2" AH loop appears (Fig. 5i). All observations here are consistent with our analysis in Fig. 5a, b, confirming that the TH effect-like hump feature observed in our Cr-doped TI/TI/V-doped TI sandwiches is indeed from the superposition of two AH effects with opposite signs. Our findings here, together with two prior studies 40,41 , suggest humps/dips features along with the AH effect observed in a number of bilayer heterostructure samples might not be induced by the formation of the chiral spin textures in samples 31,[42][43][44][45] . The TH-like hump feature observed in these bilayer heterostructures is likely also due to the coexistence of two decoupled FM orders. These two FM orders could be different ferromagnetisms in bulk and surface layers 31,45 or different ferromagnetisms on two surfaces of the magnetic layer (i.e. SrRuO 3 ) [42][43][44] .
To summarize, we observed the sign reversal of the AH effect in magnetic TI samples by depositing an undoped TI layer on top to form bilayer heterostructures. Our observation is well interpreted by our first-principles calculations based on the model of charge transfer through the interface between TI and magnetic TI layers. We fabricated the magnetic TI/TI/magnetic TI sandwich sample with different dopants on two surfaces and observed two atypical humps in the AH loops. We demonstrated that the unusual AH hysteresis loops are induced by the superposition of two AH effects with opposite signs rather than the formation of the chiral spin textures in these samples. Our work provides a new route for the "engineering" of the AH effect in magnetic topological materials and insights into the underlying mechanism for the TH effect-like humps observed in inhomogeneous materials.
Methods MBE growth of magnetic TI heterostructures. The magnetic TI films and heterostructures were grown on heat-treated 0.5-mm-thick insulating SrTiO 3 (111) substrates using two MBE chambers (Omicron Lab 10 and Vecco Applied EPI 620) with a base pressure of 2.0 × 10 −10 mbar. Prior to sample growth, the SrTiO 3 substrates are first degassed at~600°C for 1 h. High-purity Sb(6N), Te(6N), V(5N), and Cr(5N) are evaporated from Knudsen cells. During the growth of the magnetic TI films, the substrate is maintained at~240°C. The flux ratio of Te/ (Sb + V/Cr) is set to be >10 to avoid possible Te deficiency in samples. The growth rate of magnetic TI or TI films is around~0.2 QL/min. Finally, the samples are capped with a 10 nm Te layer to prevent their degradation during the ex situ electrical transport measurements. The V concentration in V-doped Sb 2 Te 3 films is tuned by adjusting the temperature of the V effusion cell. The x = 0.08-0.2 samples correspond to the V cell temperatures from 1440 to 1490°C. For the Sb 1.84 Cr 0.16 Te 3 sample, the temperature of the Cr effusion cell is 1160°C. The Cr and V concentration values in this work are calibrated by the plot in our prior work 12 .
Electrical transport measurements. All samples for transport measurements were scratched into Hall bar geometries (~1 mm × 0.5 mm) 46 . The bottom-gate electrode is made by pressing an indium foil on the backside of the SrTiO 3 (111) substrate. Note that for all Hall data shown in this paper, unless pointed out, the ordinary Hall term has been subtracted by fitting the linear slope of the Hall data in a high magnetic field regime.
First-principles calculations. The V atom is doped in 2 × 2 × 5 supercell of Sb 2 Te 3 (5 QL thickness) without breaking the spatial reversal symmetry. The concentration of vanadium is about 5% (i.e. Sb 1.9 V 0.1 Te 3 ). The lattice parameters and the positions of atoms were fixed as the bulk ones, and we relaxed the dopants and atoms in the nearest neighbor of the dopants with an energy tolerance of 10 −5 eV. A 20-Å vacuum layer is placed above the sample. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed via the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) with exchange-correlation energy described by the generalized gradient approximation in the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof parametrization. We set the energy cutoff to~300 eV for the plane-wave expansion. The van der Waals (vdW) correction is also included with the optB86b-vdW type in the relaxation process. An 8 × 8 × 1 Γcentered k-mesh is used in structural relaxation with the energy tolerance converged to 10 −6 eV. To consider strongly correlated 3d electrons of the V atoms, an LDA + U correction is implemented in the whole calculation with the parameter U = 2.7 eV and J = 0.7 eV. The spin-orbit coupling effect is included in band structure calculations. The AH conductance σ xy is calculated in Wannier representation via the Wannier90 code. In the projection from Bloch representation to Wannier representation, considering the computation capability, the Γ-centered k-mesh is set to 5 × 5 × 1. To include the disorder effect in the magnetic TI samples, a 0.03 eV energy range is averaged in the calculated Hall conductance σ xy . The maximal energy range is estimated by E range ¼ h 2τ ¼ 0:09eV, where τ is the relaxation time estimated by the carrier mobility data from experiments and the effective mass of valence band edge from the m = 0 DFT calculations.

Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from H.Z. or C.-Z.C. upon reasonable request.