Abstract
Amides are among the most fundamental functional groups and essential structural units, widely used in chemistry, biochemistry and material science. Amide synthesis and transformations is a topic of continuous interest in organic chemistry. However, direct catalytic asymmetric activation of amide C-N bonds still remains a long-standing challenge due to high stability of amide linkages. Herein, we describe an organocatalytic asymmetric amide C-N bonds cleavage of N-sulfonyl biaryl lactams under mild conditions, developing a general and practical method for atroposelective construction of axially chiral biaryl amino acids. A structurally diverse set of axially chiral biaryl amino acids are obtained in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Moreover, a variety of axially chiral unsymmetrical biaryl organocatalysts are efficiently constructed from the resulting axially chiral biaryl amino acids by our present strategy, and show competitive outcomes in asymmetric reactions.
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Introduction
As an important functional group, amides are essential structural units of peptides, proteins, and enzymes, and they have a wide variety of applications in chemistry, biochemistry, and material science1. Amide synthesis and transformations have been extensively studied in organic chemistry1. However, direct activation of unreactive amide C–N bonds remains challenging owing to the high stability of amide linkages1,2. A seminal study by Garg, Houk, and coworkers3, described nickel-catalyzed conversion of highly stable amides to esters through insertion of nickel into a typically unreactive amide C–N bond (Fig. 1). This work was identified as one of “Top of research of 2015” by ACS C&EN for its significant achievement in amide synthesis and transformations4,5. This catalytic strategy has been further explored by Garg6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, Szostak14,15,16,17,18,19,20, and others21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29. Notably, amide bonds commonly need to be activated by electron-withdrawing groups, such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), trifluoromethanesulfonyl (Tf), p-toluenesulfonyl (Ts), and cyclodicarbonyl group30,31,32. Despite these advances, direct organocatalytic activation of amide C–N bond, especially in an enantioselective manner, has yet to be achieved.
a Metal-catalyzed amide C–N activation. b Organocatalytic asymmetric N-sulfonyl amide bond activation.
Among the most important molecules in nature, chiral amino acids have a central role in life and widespread applications in pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries33,34. Unlike well-studied centrally chiral amino acids35,36,37, there have been fewer reports on the synthesis and application of axially chiral amino acids (amino acids with an axially chiral scaffold, exemplified as 3a and its X-ray crystal structure, see below), although their derivatives are frequently found in natural products and bioactive compounds38,39,40,41,42. The lack of efficient synthetic methods and limited number of examples have considerably impeded applications.
Catalytic asymmetric ring opening of biaryl lactams (such as 1a, 1b, and 1c with the twisted structure of naphthyl phenyl scaffolds) is a straightforward and efficient method for atroposelective construction of axially chiral amino acids43. However, organocatalytic ring opening of biaryl lactams for atroposelective construction of axially chiral amino acids remains underexplored. This strategy presents some challenges, including (i) increasing the reactivity of unreactive amide bonds, (ii) choosing a proper organocatalyst to both activate unreactive amide groups and other reactants, and (iii) ensuring excellent enantioselectivity of the desired products. On the basis of Bringmann’s pioneering work41,42, and the recent advance in constructing axially chiral backbones by ring opening of conformationally labile bridged biaryls44,45,46,47,48, we envisaged that the N-electron-withdrawing group configurationally labile biaryl lactams with an inherent torsional strain might act as suitable substrates for activation of amide C–N bonds, promoted by a bifunctional organocatalyst. According to our understanding of organocatalysis49,50,51,52,53,54, we herein present a strategy for direct organocatalytic asymmetric activation of N-sulfonyl amide C–N bonds promoted by a bifunctional organocatalyst under mild reaction conditions. We developed a straightforward catalytic asymmetric method for the synthesis of a structurally diverse set of axially chiral biaryl amino acids. Moreover, a variety of axially chiral unsymmetrical biaryl organocatalysts are efficiently constructed from the resulting axially chiral biaryl amino acids by our present strategy, and they show good outcomes in asymmetric reactions.
Results
Reaction optimization
We initially attempted the synthesis with biaryl lactams containing a naphthyl phenyl scaffold (N-Boc 1a or N-Cbz 1b) and benzyl alcohol 2a in the presence of the bifunctional thiourea catalyst55,56,57,58,59,60 A in dichloromethane (DCM) at room temperature. Unfortunately, no reaction occurred, perhaps because the amide bond resisted breakage, even when activated by Boc or Cbz (entries 1–2). Next, we used a biaryl lactam 1c with a stronger electron-withdrawing substituent (Ts) under the same reaction conditions. Gratifyingly, the desired axially chiral biaryl amino ester 3a was obtained in 92% yield with 75% ee (entry 3). This result confirmed the feasibility of organocatalytic amide C–N activation. Subsequent solvent screening revealed that o-xylene was most effective, providing the desired product 3a in up to 99% yield with 92% ee (entries 4–9). We investigated other bifunctional organocatalysts B, C, and D. Catalyst D was the best catalyst for this reaction, and gave the desired product 3a in up to 99% yield with up to 97% ee (entry 12). Surprisingly, a 2 mol% catalyst loading was sufficient for this transformation (entry 13). When we lowered the catalyst loading to 1 mol%, the product yield decreased considerably (entry 14). In the absence of catalyst, no product was found (entry 15).
Substrate scope
With acceptably optimized conditions in hand (Table 1, entry 13), we next evaluated the scope of the reaction for alcohol substrates with the use of biaryl lactam 1c as a model substrate (Table 2). Benzyl alcohols bearing substituents with a variety of electronic and steric properties on the aromatic ring were well tolerated, generating the corresponding axially chiral biaryl amino esters 3a–3f in excellent yields (92–99%) with excellent enantioselectivities (92–96% ee). Both 2-heteroaryls (such as furyl, thienyl, and pyridinyl), methanol and tryptophol, also worked efficiently, affording the corresponding products 3g–j in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Notably, methanol, the simplest alcohol, was also a suitable substrate for this transformation, resulting in the formation of the desired product 3k in 99% yield with 96% ee. Pleasingly, several other groups, such as CF3, a three-membered ring, double and triple bonds, trimethylsilyl (TMS), ether, bromide, acetal group, and even NHBoc groups, were well tolerated, and the corresponding axially chiral biaryl amino esters 3n–3w were generated in excellent yields (93–99%) with good-to-excellent enantioselectivities (91–98% ee). Interestingly, an additional activated keto carbonyl group in the alcohol did not influence the chemical yield, but slightly decreased the enantioselectivity (3x). (S)-1-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)naphthalen-2-ol ((S)-BINOL)-derived alcohol or l-glycerol–acetonide also were suitable substrates, affording the products 3y & 3z in excellent yields and stereoselectivities. Besides alcohols, other nucleophiles, such as phenol, thiophenol, benzyl mercaptan, diethyl malonate, nitromethane, and amine, did not give satisfying outcomes under the current conditions (see SI for details).
To further demonstrate the generality of this catalytic enantioselective method for the synthesis of axially chiral biaryl amino acids, the scope of biaryl lactam 1 was investigated with the use of benzyl alcohol 2a as a model substrate (Table 3). N-sulfonyl biaryl lactam 1 with a variety of biaryl scaffolds, such as naphthyl phenyl, biphenyl, phenyl naphthyl, and binaphthyl, was evaluated. Reactions with all substrates proceeded smoothly to yield axially chiral biaryl amino acids 3aa–3ao in good-to- excellent yields (92–99%) with good-to-excellent enantioselectivities (79–96% ee). Notably, Ts was easily replaced with other sulfonyl groups, such as phenylsulfonyl (Bs), methylsulfonyl (Ms), cyclohexyl sulfonyl (Cys), and o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Ns). The variety of the resulting axially chiral biaryl amino acids will likely have a range of potential applications.
Notably, product 3a is so stable that it could be stirred at 140 °C in o-xylene for 4 h without any loss in ee. For further investigation on the racemization of compound 3 (3k as an example), see Supplementary Table 3. Meanwhile, DFT calculations indicated that the energy barrier via transition state TS3 for the transformation from PS to PR is 37.4 kcal/mol depicted in Supplementary Fig. 3, indicating that the racemization between them is very hard to happen even for the heating condition, and this phenomenon is in agreement with the experimental observation.
Mechanistic studies
To probe the reaction pathway, control experiments were performed as shown in Fig. 2. No reactions occurred when catalyst E, the N,N’-dimethyl analog of catalyst D, was used in this reaction. This result suggested that the H-bond donor motif of the catalyst played a central role in this transformation. When catalysts G & F, which are two moieties of the optimal catalyst D, were investigated separately, a yield of <5% was achieved. When these were used together, product 3a was generated in 69% yield with 12% ee. These results confirmed that the synergistic effects of the bifunctional moieties of the catalyst controlled this transformation.
aStandard condition: 1c (0.1 mmol), BnOH (1.2 equiv.), catalyst (5 mol%), and o-xylene (0.2 M), rt, 48 h. bn.r = no reaction. c5 mol% F and 5 mol% G were simultaneously added.
To understand the mechanism, we performed DFT calculations. The catalytic reaction contains two processes, namely oxygen of 2k attacks the carbonyl carbon of 1c in a nucleophilic manner coupled with a six-membered ring opening and proton transfer from 2k to the catalyst through transition states TS1R & TS1S, and other proton transfer from the catalyst to N– for formation of PR & PS via transition states TS2R & TS2S. According to the energy profiles depicted in Fig. 3, the first step is identified as the stereoselectivity-determining step, and the S-configuration product PS should be the main product, which is in agreement with the experimental results. The tunneling effect of the proton in TS1R (with imaginary frequency as −664.05 cm−1) and TS1S (with imaginary frequency as −349.36 cm−1) was computed, and the tiny difference does not affect the energy differences between the two stereoselective transition states. In addition, the MeO···C and N···H–OMe distances are 1.74 Å and 1.32 Å in TS1R, while these are 1.73 Å and 1.39 Å in TS1S, indicating that the attacks of the O atom in methanol should be the dominating process in this step. Moreover, the Gibbs free energies of PR and PS are −11.4 and −12.7 kcal/mol lower than that of reactants 1c + 2k, respectively, demonstrating that the entire reaction should be an exothermic process.
Stereoselective reaction pathways calaulated at the M06-2X-GD3/6-311++G(2d, 2p)/IEF-PCMo-xylene//M06-2X/6-31G(d, p)/IEF-PCMo-xylene level.
We performed further non-covalent interaction (NCI) analyses to explore the origin of stereoselectivity. As illustrated in Fig. 4, there are two N–H⋯O (1.95 and 1.84 Å), one C–H⋯O (2.06 Å), and one C–H⋯π (2.41 Å) interaction in TS1R, and two N–H⋯O (1.77 and 1.92 Å), two C–H⋯π (2.47 and 2.83 Å), and one C–H⋯F (2.57 Å) interaction in TS1S. The strength and number of hydrogen-bond interactions increased in the S-isomer transition state TS1S, which resulted in a lower energy barrier via the more stable transition state TS1S. Further details of these computations can be found in the SI.
Blue, green, and red coloration represent strong interaction, weak interaction, and steric hindrance, respectively.
Synthetic transformations
To show the practical utility of our present strategy, a gram-scale reaction was performed (Fig. 5a). In the presence of only 1.2 mol% of bifunctional squaramide catalyst D, a gram-scale reaction of a biaryl lactam 1c with a benzyl alcohol proceeded smoothly to afford the axially chiral desired product 3a in up to 99% yield with 97% ee.
a Gram-scale reaction, synthesis of N-Boc axially chiral biaryl amino acid, and tripeptide. b Synthesis of unprotected axially chiral biaryl amino esters. c Synthesis of axially chiral organocatalysts.
Subsequently, further synthetic transformations of the resulting axially chiral biaryl amino ester 3 were conducted as shown in Fig. 5. N-Boc axially chiral biaryl amino acid 4 was obtained in excellent yield without loss of enantiopurity through debenzylation and detosylation of axially chiral amino ester 3a. Notably, tripeptide 5, containing both centrally and axially chiral centers, was easily prepared in excellent yield from 4 via an amide formation process (Fig. 5a). A protecting group (i.e., Ns) on the nitrogen atom was easily removed to give the unprotected amine product 6 in 91% yield with 98% ee (Fig. 5b). In addition, the ester moiety was retained under the reaction conditions. As shown in Fig. 5c, reduction of 3a was readily realized by treatment with LiAlH4 in THF at room temperature, leading to the formation of axially chiral biaryl amino alcohol 7 in 96% yield with 96% ee. Notably, the axially chiral BINAM derivative 12 was elegantly prepared from 3a without any loss of ee. Axially chiral biaryl compounds have been identified as core structural motifs in many common chiral ligands61,62,63,64 and organocatalysts65,66,67 for asymmetric catalysis. Notably, well-established popular axially chiral organocatalysts often rely on symmetrical axially chiral scaffold. Starting from our axially chiral diaryl product 3a, a variety of unsymmetrical axially chiral organocatalysts, such as axially chiral bifunctional sulfide 9, axially chiral bifunctional amine 11, and axially thiourea 13 were efficiently prepared. Furthermore, these unsymmetrical axially chiral organocatalysts were investigated in asymmetric reactions (Fig. 6). To our delight, these organocatalysts gave comparable or even better outcomes in terms of yield and ee than the previous symmetric organocatalysts under the same reaction conditions68,69,70. These initial results indicate that unsymmetrical axially chiral biaryl compounds synthesized in our present strategy have great potential as organocatalysts and ligands in asymmetric catalysis.
Initial attempts for unsymmetrical axially chiral bifunctional organocatalysts.
Discussion
In summary, we have addressed direct organocatalytic asymmetric activation of amide C–N bond under mild conditions, and developed atroposelective synthesis of a structurally diverse set of axially chiral biaryl amino acids in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This general and practical strategy features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanism studies and DFT calculations demonstrated that the cooperative effects of the bifunctional moieties of the Cinchona-alkaloid-derived thiourea catalyst ensure the transformation with excellent yields and enantioselectivities. A variety of unsymmetrical axially chiral bifunctional organocatalysts have also been efficiently constructed from the resulting axially chiral biaryl amino acids. Further investigations and exploration of this catalytic process are underway in our laboratory.
Methods
Synthesis of 3
To a suspension of starting material 1 (0.10 mmol) and catalyst D (1.2 mg, 2 mol%) in o-xylene (0.5 mL, 0.20 M) were added the appropriate alcohols (0.12 mmol, 1.2 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 24–48 h at 30 °C. Upon completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was directly purified by column chromatography on silica gel to afford the desired product 3.
Data availability
Experimental procedures, characterization of all new compounds, NMR and HPLC spectra, and computational details are available in the Supplementary Information. The source data underlying Figs. 3, 4 and Supplementary Figs. 3 are provided as a Source Data file. The X-ray crystallographic coordinates for structures of 3a reported in this article have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), under deposition number CCDC 1894533. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif. All other data are available from the authors upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge financial support by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0204704), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21602105), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20171460), and National Key Basic Research Program of China (973) (2015CB932200).
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G.W. conducted most of the experiments. W.H., T.C., Y.G., Z.H., M.G., and J.G. prepared some of the starting materials. Q.S. and D.W. performed DFT study. Z.F. conceptualized and directed the project, and drafted the paper with assistance from all coauthors. All authors contributed to discussions.
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Wang, G., Shi, Q., Hu, W. et al. Organocatalytic asymmetric N-sulfonyl amide C-N bond activation to access axially chiral biaryl amino acids. Nat Commun 11, 946 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14799-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14799-8
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