Combined burden and functional impact tests for cancer driver discovery using DriverPower

Shuai, Shimin; Gallinger, Steven; Stein, Lincoln D.

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13929-1

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Published: 05 February 2020

Combined burden and functional impact tests for cancer driver discovery using DriverPower

Shimin Shuai ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-8018^1,2,
PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group,
Steven Gallinger^3,4,
Lincoln D. Stein^1,2 &
PCAWG Consortium

Nature Communications volume 11, Article number: 734 (2020) Cite this article

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 08 December 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

The discovery of driver mutations is one of the key motivations for cancer genome sequencing. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we describe DriverPower, a software package that uses mutational burden and functional impact evidence to identify driver mutations in coding and non-coding sites within cancer whole genomes. Using a total of 1373 genomic features derived from public sources, DriverPower’s background mutation model explains up to 93% of the regional variance in the mutation rate across multiple tumour types. By incorporating functional impact scores, we are able to further increase the accuracy of driver discovery. Testing across a collection of 2583 cancer genomes from the PCAWG project, DriverPower identifies 217 coding and 95 non-coding driver candidates. Comparing to six published methods used by the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group, DriverPower has the highest F1 score for both coding and non-coding driver discovery. This demonstrates that DriverPower is an effective framework for computational driver discovery.

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Introduction

Cancer drivers are somatic genetic alterations that confer selective advantages to tumour cells^1,2. Identification of cancer drivers is a crucial yet challenging task in cancer genomics research^3,4. There are multiple challenges. First, driver mutations generally account for only a small fraction of the somatic variations found in a typical tumour, the rest being innocent bystander ‘passenger' mutations⁵. Second, there is substantial intra- and inter-tumoural heterogeneity in most cancers⁶. Both across different tumour types and across different genomic regions within the same tumour, the background mutation rate (BMR) can vary over several orders of magnitude.

The advent of large-scale cancer whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data has made it possible to explore the role of driver events in non-coding regions. However, identifying non-coding driver events in WGS creates new challenges. First, although the functional impact of somatic mutations in the coding regions of genes is fairly straightforward to predict, much less is known about the effect of mutations on non-coding regions of the genome. Second, only ~1% of somatic mutations detected in PCAWG WGS data are exonic, adding substantially more mutations and regions to be tested and demanding more careful control of type I and type II errors than WGS. At present, only a limited number of non-coding drivers are known, the primary examples being the TERT promoter for multiple tumour types and the TAL1 enhancer for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia^7,8.

Most state-of-the-art methods identify drivers by detecting signals of positive selection either through mutational burden tests, which compare the rate of mutations observed in a region of the genome to what is expected from the BMR, or functional impact tests, which identify putative driver mutations based on a higher-than-expected rate of changes that are predicted to alter the function of genomic elements^3,6. Mutational burden tests work best for calling frequently recurrent driver events and perform poorly when applied to rare driver events. In contrast, functional impact tests fail to find drivers in genomic elements that are poorly understood or annotated.

To maximise accuracy, we combined the two mutation significance testing methods to develop DriverPower (Fig. 1a), a framework for identification of coding and non-coding cancer drivers using mutational burden and functional impact scores. We first present the DriverPower method and describe the candidate driver mutations identified by applying the method to the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) data set. The PCAWG Consortium aggregated WGS data from 2658 cancers across 38 tumour types generated by the ICGC and TCGA projects. These sequencing data were re-analysed with standardised, high-accuracy pipelines to align to the human genome (reference build hs37d5) and identify germline variants and somatically acquired mutations, as described in ref. ⁹. Then we show that DriverPower outperforms several published methods for both coding and non-coding driver discovery and discuss some novel candidates identified by DriverPower.

Results

Features predictive of BMR

To evaluate DriverPower, we took WGS somatic variant data derived from 2583 high-quality donors from the PCAWG project⁹. After removing hypermutated samples, 2514 donors with 24,715,214 somatic single nucleotide variants (SNV) and small indels were used for driver element identification. We analysed these data both as a single pan-cancer data set, as well as a series of 29 tumour type-specific cohorts (Supplementary Data 1).

Among all tumour cohorts, we observed substantial variability in the observed mutation rate at the tissue, donor and locus levels (Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2). Accurate driver detection requires an accurate estimate of BMR across the tumour genome, taking into account the extensive variability among tumour types, donors and genomic regions. DriverPower tackles this issue by modelling the BMR using numerous genomic features that co-vary with the localised BMR. We collected 1373 features from three public data portals (Supplementary Data 2): the ROADMAP Epigenomics project, the ENCODE project and the UCSC genome browser^10,11,12. These features covered seven main categories: conservation, DNA accessibility, epigenomic marks, nucleotide contents, replication timing, RNA expression and genome compartments. As expected, we found extensive multicollinearity among features. Most features (1368/1373) are significantly (Spearman’s rho test q < 0.1) correlated with pan-cancer genome-wide mutation rates (Supplementary Fig. 3).

BMR model

We investigated two algorithms for modelling the BMR based on genomic features. The first algorithm was randomised lasso followed by binomial generalised linear model (GLM). The alternative algorithm was the gradient boosting machine (GBM), which is a non-linear and non-parametric tree ensemble algorithm¹³. To evaluate both BMR modelling algorithms, we made non-overlapped 1 megabase pair (Mbp) autosomal elements (n = 2521) as well as training genomic elements (n = 867,266) by sampling genomic coordinates randomly. The number of mutations per element was then predicted with fivefold cross validation (CV).

When evaluated using 1-Mbp autosomal elements, we found that both algorithms could accurately predict the BMR (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5). In high mutational burden tumour cohorts, we observed essentially no difference between two algorithms, however GBM consistently outperformed GLM when applied to low mutational burden tumour cohorts (Supplementary Fig. 6). When evaluated on the training element set, in which the size of element varies from 100 bp to 1 Mbp, the prediction accuracy drops due to higher BMR variability, especially for low mutational burden tumour cohorts such as Myeloid-MPN and CNS-PiloAstro (Supplementary Fig. 6). However, for large cohort such as the pan-cancer set (N = 2253), ~ 93% of the mutation rate variance on the training set is explained by either model (Fig. 1b). The model still shows excellent performance when applied to the test element set, explaining 83% of the mutation rate variance on the pan-cancer cohort (Fig. 1c).

Both the randomised lasso algorithm and the GBM can be used to rank feature importance in different ways. Feature selection ranking from both methods confirmed that H3K9me3 (associated with heterochromatin), replication timing and H3K27ac (or its antagonistic histone mark H3K27me3) are the most important groups of predictors for BMR (Supplementary Fig. 7 and Supplementary Data 2)¹⁴. Consistent with previous results, we found that features from tumour cell lines with similar cell-of-origin to the primary tumour type are frequently selected¹⁵. For example, replication timing from liver cancer cell line HepG2 was selected as a feature for the BMR in hepatocellular carcinoma (Liver-HCC), whereas replication timing in MCF7 (breast cancer) and SK-N-SH (neuroblastoma) were selected for breast adenocarcinoma (Breast-AdenoCA) and glioblastoma (CNS-GBM), respectively (Supplementary Fig. 8).

Functional adjustment

In most burden-based methods, mutations are equally weighted. However, not all mutations have the same functional consequences. To incorporate functional consequence information, DriverPower implements a posterior functional adjustment. The functional adjustment step up-weights mutations with high predicted functional impact. Althyough the DriverPower framework can potentially work with any functional scoring scheme, in the current implementation we measured the functional impact using four published scoring schemes: the CADD¹⁶, DANN¹⁷, EIGEN¹⁸ and LINSIGHT¹⁹ scores. Although different training data, assumptions and algorithms are used by different scores, we found those scores to be consistent at the element level (Supplementary Fig. 9). We used the average weight of all four scores in the remainder of the manuscript unless otherwise specified.

Candidate driver event discovery

To evaluate the DriverPower algorithm, we first employed three simulated variant sets generated by the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group (PDFIWG) to examine type I and type II errors. We expected to identify no drivers as all three simulated data sets are reshuffles of observed mutations. In general, we observed no inflation or deflation in simulations and only eight significant hits (DriverPower q < 0.1) were identified in ~ 11 M statistical tests (Supplementary Fig. 10). We then used the observed PCAWG data set to discover drivers within multiple coding and non-coding element sets identified by the PDFIWG, spanning 3.7% (~ 113 Mbp) of the human genome.

We benchmarked our results against reference driver element sets and driver candidates called by six other published methods. Among the six methods, ExInAtor²⁰, ncdDetect²¹ and LARVA²² use only mutational burden information; oncodriveFML²³ uses only functional biases; whereas MutSig²⁴ and ActiveDriverWGS²⁵ model both mutational burden and functional consequence but not through functional impact scores. Three reference driver element sets were used: the COSMIC Cancer Gene Census (CGC)^26,27, the PCAWG raw integrated driver candidates (PCAWG-raw) and the PCAWG consensus driver candidates (PCAWG-consensus). The CGC is a catalogue of driver genes for which mutations have been causally implicated in cancer and was used as the gold standard set (i.e., used in the calculation of precision and recall) for coding and splice site drivers. PCAWG-raw is an integration of driver elements called by 12 different driver detection methods on the same data we used here. PCAWG-consensus is a conservative set derived from the PCAWG-raw by applying multiple stringent filters to control the false discovery rate; in particular, the majority of non-coding candidates from lymphoid tumours and skin melanomas is excluded from this set because of hyper-mutational processes in these tumour types that create prominent mutational hotspots^28,29,30. For the same reason our analysis of non-coding regions for tumour-specific and the pan-cancer cohorts excluded melanoma and lymphoma.

Overall, we observed well-calibrated p values in DriverPower’s results with or without functional adjustment (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 10) and a high accuracy for both coding and non-coding driver discovery (Fig. 1e, Supplementary Data 3). For protein-coding regions (CDS), DriverPower found 217 significant (q < 0.1) driver candidates. As a gene (e.g., TP53) can be driver in multiple cohorts, the unique number of genes was 131. The precision of the algorithm’s driver calls was high. Among the driver genes called by DriverPower, 82.5% (179/217) of all genes were present within the CGC. For non-CGC genes, 27 and 3 genes were present within PCAWG-consensus and PCAWG-raw, respectively. Thus, only 3.7% (8/217) coding driver candidates called by DriverPower were not contained within any reference gene sets. As expected, incorporation of functional information increased both precision and recall in coding driver discovery (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 11). For example, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Panc-AdenoCA; N = 232), the addition of functional adjustment to the algorithm resulted in a gain of three additional drivers (ACVR1B, RBM10 and ZFP36L2) and the loss of one likely false-positive genes (FAU) (Fig. 2a). Without the use of functional information, the overall precision dropped to 74.6% (156/209) for CGC genes and 88.5% (185/209) for CGC/PCAWG genes. When compared with six other methods using the same 26 non-melanoma/lymphoma cohorts and CGC as the gold standard set, DriverPower (precision = 0.84; recall = 0.79) had the highest F1 score (0.81) (Fig. 2b, c). In our benchmark, sensitivity was a bottleneck for most methods (4/7 with recall < 0.5). When compared with the method with highest recall, the widely used coding driver caller MutSig (precision = 0.80; recall = 0.80), DriverPower identified an additional 21 genes present in CGC (23 for MutSig; Supplementary Fig. 12).

**Fig. 2: Benchmarking DriverPower driver discovery performance.**

We next benchmarked DriverPower’s accuracy for non-coding driver events. For the prediction of driver events affecting the splice sites of coding genes, DriverPower called 47 significant (q < 0.1) candidates with 85.1% (40/47) within CGC. DriverPower (F1 = 0.91) also outperformed two recently published methods, ncdDetect (F1 = 0.65) and oncoDriverFML (F1 = 0.32), for splice site driver detection (Supplementary Fig. 13).

For the prediction of non-coding driver events in 3′-UTRs, 5′-UTRs, promoters and enhancers, DriverPower identified 19 candidates in non-melanoma/lymphoma tumour cohorts and 24 candidates in the pan-cancer cohort. Benchmarking results showed that DriverPower has the highest F1 score (0.79) among the six methods evaluated (Fig. 2d, e). Promoter and 5′-UTR driver candidates called by DriverPower were associated with a total of 17 unique genes. Of these, one gene (TERT) was in CGC, four genes (WDR74, HES1, MTG2 and PTDSS1) were in PCAWG-consensus, and six other genes were in PCAWG-raw. DriverPower also called two 3′-UTR driver candidates in total, including TOB1 in pan-cancer and ALB in Liver-HCC. Both candidates were present in the PCAWG-consensus. For enhancer regions, DriverPower identified two candidates: chr6:142,705,600-142,706,400 (linked to GPR126) and chr7:86,865,600-86,866,400 (linked to TP53TG1). Both enhancer elements were identified by PCAWG-raw; the TP53TG1 enhancer was the only enhancer for non-melanoma/lymphoma tumours in the PCAWG-consensus set.

For long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes and their promoters, DriverPower found 9 candidates in total. Among them, 6 and 3 were contained within PCAWG-consensus and PCAWG-raw, respectively. These candidates targeted three unique lncRNAs: RN7SK, RMRP and RPPH1. The promoter of RMRP was significantly (q < 0.1) mutated in four cohorts (Breast-AdenoCA, Liver-HCC, Stomach-AdenoCA and pan-cancer) and has been nominated as a novel non-coding driver.

DriverPower-exclusive driver candidates overview

A total of 11 coding and 17 unique non-coding candidates were exclusively identified by DriverPower (not present in either CGC or PCAWG-consensus; Supplementary Data 4). We sought to evaluate these exclusive driver candidates using literature evidence and correlative orthogonal data such as the effect of the variant on RNA-seq expression levels and the presence of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) and somatic structural variations (SVs) covering the same regions. On this basis, we found that many of the DriverPower-exclusive candidates are plausible cancer drivers.

Among protein-coding genes, DriverPower identified EEF1A2 (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2) in the oesophageal adenocarcinoma cohort (Eso-AdenoCA; 7/95 samples). All seven observed mutations were missense (Supplementary Fig. 14a). Although no RNA-seq data are available for Eso-AdenoCA samples, SCNA analysis indicated that EEF1A2 is amplified in 69.5% (66/95) of Eso-AdenoCA samples (vs. 27.9% of non-Eso-AdenoCA samples; Supplementary Fig. 14b), suggesting a potential gain-of-function role in this cancer type. The amplification of EEF1A2 (20q13.33) was also confirmed by the GISTIC2.0 (q = 0.0006). The same 1-Mbp locus detected by GISTIC2.0 was also amplified recurrently in other tumour types, including 73.1% of colorectal adenocarcinoma, 64.7% of stomach adenocarcinoma and 55.4% of ovarian adenocarcinoma. Supporting this hypothesis, previous studies have also demonstrated that EEF1A2 is a putative oncogene in ovarian cancer and overexpressed in various tumour types^31,32,33.

Another protein-coding gene exclusively identified by DriverPower was MEF2B in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s leukaemia (Lymph-BNHL; 8/105 samples). Among nine observed mutations, eight mutations were missense and one was a frameshift deletion (Supplementary Fig. 14c). RNA-seq data confirmed that mutated samples overexpressed MEF2B (copy number corrected p = 0.011; Supplementary Fig. 14d). MEF2B (Myocyte enhancer factor 2B) has been identified in multiple WES studies^34,35,36, and a previous study has also shown that MEF2B mutations can dysregulate cell migration in non-Hodgkin lymphoma³⁷.

One splice site candidate exclusively called by DriverPower is SGK1 (serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1) in Lymph-BNHL. The same gene was also significant in DriverPower’s CDS result for Lymph-BNHL (Supplementary Fig. 14e), resulting in a total of 13.3% (14/105) Lymph-BNHL samples being affected by non-synonymous or splice site mutations in SGK1. SGK1 is present in PCAWG-raw but was filtered out owing to the large number of AID-related variants in this tumour cohort. However, differential expression analysis indicated that SGK1 is significantly overexpressed in mutated Lymph-BNHL samples relative to non-mutated samples (copy number corrected p = 3e-13 from likelihood ratio test; Fig. 2f). SGK1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that has an important role in cellular stress response and its CDS has been nominated as a driver in earlier WES studies^35,36. Another study has also demonstrated that the administration of an SGK1 inhibitor induces apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines³⁸. Together these data support a potential driver role for SGK1 in Lymph-BNHL.

The GPR126 (adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G6) enhancer candidate was filtered out from the PCAWG-raw set because of mutations in palindrome loops, which makes it unclear whether mutations in the GPR126 enhancer are caused by mutational mechanism associated with palindrome loops or positive selection. We found that the GPR126 enhancer is recurrently mutated in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (Bladder-TCC; 14/23 samples) and breast adenocarcinoma (Breast-AdenoCA; 8/195) (Supplementary Fig. 14f). GPR126 is among the MammaPrint 70 gene panel used to predict the risk of breast cancer metastasis^39,40. A study also shows that knockdown of GPR126 can inhibit the hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in model organisms⁴¹. Differential expression analysis demonstrated that the GPR126 is significantly downregulated in Bladder-TCC samples with enhancer mutations (copy number corrected p = 0.012 from likelihood ratio test; Fig. 2g) relative to those carrying the wild-type enhancer, suggesting a functional role for these mutations.

Several somatically altered histone genes have been implicated in human cancer, such as H3F3A (identified as a pan-cancer driver in this study), H3F3B and HIST1H3B^42,43,44. DriverPower identified four histone genes as driver candidates in the pan-cancer cohort, two of which were absent from CGC or PCAWG-consensus: the 5′-UTR of HIST1H2AC and HIST1H2BD. Previous studies have shown that the protein levels of the replication-dependent histone H2A variant HIST1H2AC (encoding histone H2A type 1-C) is decreased in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients and bladder cancer cells^45,46, and the siRNA knockdown of HIST1H2AC increases cell proliferation and promote oncogenesis⁴⁶.

Several other driver candidates exclusively called by DriverPower are associated with genes that may have a role in cancer. The highly expressed liver-specific gene ALB (albumin) is significant (DriverPower q < 0.1) for somatic mutations affecting its CDS, splice site, 3′-UTR and promoter in Liver-HCC; the splice site and promoter (under CADD scores) were discovered by DriverPower exclusively. Correlative evidence from gene expression and copy number alterations suggested that loss-of-function mutations in ALB are subject to positive selection in Liver-HCC as described elsewhere⁴⁷. The CDS of KAT8 (lysine acetyltransferase 8) was called by DriverPower in Panc-AdenoCA with 100% (5/5) missense mutations. As a histone modifier, KAT8 has been shown to physically interact with MLL1 and regulate known cancer drivers ATM and TP53^48,49,50,51. Previous studies have also shown that KAT8 is downregulated in gastric cancer⁵² and KAT8 can suppress tumour progression by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition⁵³. The 5′-UTR and promoter of SRSF9 (serine and arginine rich splicing factor 9) was significant in DriverPower’s results for pan-cancer and not present in any reference driver sets. The protein encoded by SRSF9 is part of the spliceosome; a previous study indicates that the proto-oncogene SRSF9 is overexpressed in multiple tumours and that this overexpression can cause the accumulation of β-Catenin⁵⁴. The same study also showed that the depletion of SRSF9 proteins could inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation.

In summary, 4/11 coding and 4/17 unique non-coding driver candidates exclusively called by DriverPower had some form of support from the literature or orthogonal evidence. If we assume that all the exclusive candidates that lack such evidence are false positives, then this puts an estimate of DriverPower’s false discovery rate across the PCAWG data set at 3.2% (7/217) for coding and 16.8% (16/95) for non-coding regions. However, this assumption is probably invalid as most of these lack-of-evidence candidates are also identified by other methods and present in PCAWG-raw. We acknowledge that lack-of-evidence candidates may contain false-positive calls, but they may also contain previously unknown drivers. For example, the 5′-UTR of TBC1D12 in Breast-AdenoCA, which has been filtered out from the PCAWG-raw owing to possible hypermutability, is called by all but one driver discovery methods and is reported as a putative cancer driver in previous studies because of two recurrent mutations in the Kozak consensus sequence involving in the initiation of protein translation^23,55. Moreover, according to another recent study, the same TBC1D12 candidate is still statistically significant in breast cancer even after removing hypermutations, but whether these mutations can alter protein translation in cancer is still undetermined²⁴. Some lack-of-evidence candidates may also fit the mini-driver model of cancer evolution⁵⁶. Unlike classical drivers, mini-drivers can only weakly promote and are not essential for tumour progression, hence present at a lower frequency in cancer cohorts. Further investigation is required to determine the role of lack-of-evidence candidates in cancer.

DriverPower applied to WGS

To demonstrate the robustness of DriverPower, we applied DriverPower to two public whole-exome sequencing (WES) data sets (Supplementary Fig. 15). Both WES data sets are processed differently than the PCAWG data and contain samples not included in the PCAWG study. For liver cancer, using models trained for Liver-HCC (N = 314), DriverPower identified 14 coding drivers from 364 TCGA-LIHC samples (53 shared with Liver-HCC). All but one driver candidates were present within the CGC or PCAWG-consensus. For pancreatic adenocarcinoma, using models trained for Panc-AdenoCA (N = 232), DriverPower identified six coding drivers from 180 TCGA-PAAD samples (no shared samples with the PCAWG study) and all corresponded to known driver genes.

Discussion

Computational driver discovery is essential to distinguish driver from passenger mutations in the coding and non-coding regions of whole cancer genomes. Here we report DriverPower, a new framework for accurately identifying both types of driver mutation by combining mutational burden and functional impact information. The method takes advantage of the large somatic mutation sets produced by WGS technology to build an accurate global BMR model from more than a thousand genomic features. This contrasts with methods that build a local BMR model using selected or flanking regions. One advantage of this is that the method is not biased towards coding regions, but uses the same model for coding and non-coding cancer driver discovery. Another advantage is the method’s high degree of modularity. DriverPower can potentially work with any types of genomic element (contiguous or disjoint, coding or non-coding, proximate or distal to genes), any regression algorithms for modelling BMR and any functional impact score scheme. Although DriverPower is designed for WGS projects, it performs robustly in WES strategies as well.

In comparison with the other driver discovery methods evaluated by the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group, DriverPower provides the best balance of precision and recall, although is not always the top-ranked method when either metric is considered independently (Fig. 2b, d). As discussed in Supplementary Note 1, DriverPower is parameterised to allow for adjustment of the precision-recall trade-off; in this study, we selected conservative parameters that prioritise precision over recall especially for non-coding regions (Supplementary Fig. 16).

There are several ways in which the accuracy of DriverPower could be improved. One approach to improve recall is to take into the account the potential presence of negative (purifying) selection in the functional regions selected for testing. When the BMR model is trained, we use random genomic elements that are predominantly under neutral selection. However, the functional elements selected for testing are more likely to be under positive and/or negative selection⁵⁷. The observed mutation rate reflects the balance between positive and negative selection, and negative selection at one site in the element will diminish the signal of positive selection at other sites, reducing the sensitivity of the method as a whole. To our knowledge, no driver discovery tool currently models the effect of negatively selected sites; future work aims to take this mechanism into account.

The precision of the method can also be improved. False-positive driver calls may be caused by technical errors such as variant-calling artefacts that artificially increase the local mutation rate, or by biological processes that are not captured by the BMR model such as regional differences in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity. These can potentially be mitigated by incorporating into the BMR model additional features relevant to the technical and biological processes. For example, incorporating read-level coverage, mapping and bias scores into the BMR could help correct for regions prone to variant-calling artefacts, whereas features like the number of palindrome loops and the fraction of mutations caused by AID per element could be used to adjust for locally-acting hypermutation processes.

When applied to the PCAWG data set, DriverPower called nearly twice as many coding driver events as non-coding ones, a ratio also observed by the PCAWG driver study, a ratio also observed by the PCAWG driver study⁴⁷. Although this unbalanced ratio may reflect cancer biology, there is also the possibility that it reflects, at least in part, the technical challenge of sequencing and interpreting non-coding regions. Potential artefacts include systematic undercalling of somatic variants in non-coding regions²⁴, a problem that could be rectified by deeper coverage. For example, it is estimated that ~ 216 mutations in the TERT promoter are likely to be missed in the PCAWG data set owing to low detection sensitivity⁴⁷. Another technical issue is raised by the fact that several non-coding candidates are only significant in the pan-cancer cohort, suggesting that the data set is statistically underpowered. In fact, although we studied 2583 genomes here, many tumour types have a sample size fewer than 30. To overcome this issue, we could either sequence more genomes or reduce the size of the set of test elements by narrowing it to functional motifs or conserved bases⁵⁸. Moreover, only ~ 3.7% of the genome has been studied here. There may be more non-coding drivers in other types of regulatory elements, which demands more complete annotations for the non-coding part of the human genome. At last, functional impact score schemes are currently biased toward coding mutations; therefore, improved functional scoring schemes will also help us identify more functionally relevant non-coding cancer drivers in the future.

A comprehensive catalogue of coding and non-coding cancer drivers will accelerate the clinical translation of cancer genomic study to precision medicine. As more cancer genomes and more cancer types are sequenced, a general and accurate framework for computational driver discovery like DriverPower will become increasingly useful.

Methods

Ethical review

Sequencing of human subjects tissue was performed by ICGC and TCGA consortium members under a series of locally approved Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocols as described in Hudson et al.⁵⁹. Informed consent was obtained from all human participants. Ethical review of the current data analysis project was granted by the University of Toronto Research Ethics Board (REB) under protocol #30278, ‘Pan-cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes: PCAWG'.

Generation of cancer whole-genome somatic mutations

All DNA somatic SNVs and indels for 2583 donors were obtained from the PCAWG project (somatic variant callset released October 2016)⁹. For our analysis, donors with hypermutated signatures were excluded (n = 69, defined as > 30 mutations per Mb). Otherwise, we used the same type-specific (n = 29) and pan-cancer (all tumour samples except Skin-Melanoma, Lymph-NOS, Lymph-CLL and Lymph-BNHL) sample cohorts as the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group (PDFIWG; Supplementary Data 1)⁴⁷.

Generation of simulated somatic mutations

We used three simulated data sets (Broad, DKFZ and Sanger simulations) from the PDFIWG (described in detail at Rheinbay et al.⁴⁷). These simulations were made to capture the variation of BMR and remove the signal of positive selection through permutations of observed somatic mutations.

Generation of test and training genomic elements

We define a genomic element as the collection of genome coordinates that defines one specific functional region of interest. For example, the CDS element of TP53 is the combination of all protein-coding regions in TP53.

We used eight test element sets in our analysis, including the CDS (n = 20,185), splice site (n = 18,729), 5′-UTR (n = 19,369), 3′-UTR (n = 19,188), promoter (n = 20,164), enhancer (n = 30,816), lncRNA (n = 5,580) and lncRNA promoter (n = 5373). All test element sets were obtained from the PCAWG project. GENCODE v19 was used as the reference gene model when building those sets⁶⁰. Non-coding RNA annotations were collected from multiple sources as described.

We constructed genomic element training sets by randomly sampling genome coordinates from hg19, the build used for PCAWG. The length of each training element was sampled from the length distribution of test elements and multiplied by a factor of 3. Training elements overlapping test elements were removed. In total, 867,266 training elements were created and ~ 54% (1,545,491,997 bp) of the genome was covered.

Collection and generation of features

We collected 1373 features in total. Details including data sources can be found at Supplementary Data 2. Nucleotide content features were calculated as the fraction of 2-mers and 3-mers in each genomic element. The number of 2-mers and 3-mers was counted directly from genome sequences (hg19). For raw features in bigwig format (typically genome-wide signals), we calculated the average signal strength of covered bases in each element using the bigWigAverageOverBed (v2) utility from the UCSC genome browser⁶¹. For raw features in BED format (typically narrow peaks of ChIP-seq data), we calculated the percentage of bases intersecting BED for each element with the BEDTools (v2.24.0)⁶². All missing values in features were filled with 0.

The DriverPower outline

The main steps of the DriverPower (v1.0.0) framework are summarised below. Details of each step are described in following sections. The difference between v1.0.0 and the version used in the PDFIWG data analysis freeze (April 2017) is discussed in Supplementary Note 2 and Supplementary Fig. 17.

The first step of DriverPower is to scale features and/or filter out excluded regions. The second step is to build the BMR model using the GBM, or randomised lasso followed by binomial GLMs. The purpose of the BMR model is to estimate the expected number of mutations (y^) for any genomic element. Namely, we want to obtain $y_i^ \wedge = E\left( {y_i|X_i,L_i} \right)$ where X_i and L_i are the feature vector and length for the element i. The third step is to conduct burden test with observed (y) and predicted (y^) mutation counts, and perform multiple testing correction. The fourth step is to adjust observed mutation counts (y) based on functional impact scores for nearly significant elements (q < 0.25). The last step is to re-assess the significance for nearly significant elements with functional adjusted mutation counts followed by multiple testing correction.

Scaling of features

Features were scaled with RobustScaler from scikit-learn (version 0.18)⁶³. Feature scaling was only conducted for randomised lasso and GLMs.

Definition of excluded regions

In this study, all bases in the excluded regions were removed before any analysis. The excluded region consists of three sets: (1) all N bases and gaps in the hg19 genome (fetched from the UCSC table browser¹²); (2) ENCODE consensus excludable regions (the DAC Blacklisted Regions track and the Duke Excluded Regions track from the UCSC genome browser)⁶⁴; (3) PCAWG low mappability regions (data retrieved from the PCAWG variant group). PCAWG low mappability regions are defined as regions callable in fewer than 556/1111 (~ 50%) tumour-normal pairs. For each tumour-normal pair, a base is callable if there are more than 14/8 high quality reads in tumour/normal WGS. In total, 2,806,377,226 bp, or 96.41% of the genome are defined as callable.

Feature selection with randomised lasso

To select features, we randomly sub-sampled 10% of the training set 500 times. Then for the k-th subset with size N_k, the following model was fitted⁶⁵:

$$w^ \wedge _k = arg\mathop {{min}}\limits_w \left( {\frac{1}{{N_k}}\left\| {logit\left( {\frac{{y + 1/2}}{{N \cdot L}}} \right) - Xw} \right\|_2^2 + \alpha \mathop {\sum }\limits_{i = 1}^{1373} \frac{{|w_i|}}{{b_i}}} \right)$$

where N is the total number of donors in the data set, X is the feature matrix, w is the weight vector, α is the regularisation parameter, and b_i is the scaling factor. The regularisation parameter α was determined by a fivefold CV lasso with 33% of the training data. For the k-th sub-sampling, the ith feature was selected if $w^ \wedge _{ki} \ge 0.001$. The final feature importance score was calculated as the fraction of times that a feature was selected. Only features with score > 0.5 were used in the GLM BMR model.

Prediction of the BMR with GLM

When using the GLM, we modelled the observed mutations in each genomic element with a binomial distribution, that is

$$y \sim B(n,p)\,with\,n = N \cdot L\,and\,p = y^ \wedge /(N \cdot L)$$

where y is the observed mutation count and y^ is the estimated mutation count. We used the binomial GLM to obtain y^ with the logit link function, that is

$$\frac{{\hat y}}{{N \cdot L}} = E\left( {\frac{y}{{N \cdot L}}|X^{select}} \right) = logit^{ - 1}(X^{select}\beta )$$

where X^select is the selected feature matrix and β is the regression coefficient vector.

Prediction of the BMR with GBM

We trained the GBM with XGBoost⁶⁶. All features were used in model training. The negative Poisson log-likelihood was chosen as the objective function and $ln(N \cdot L)$ of elements were used as offset (i.e., base_margin in XGBoost). Other non-default parameters used in DriverPower were as follows: eta = 0.05, max_depth = 8, subsample = 0.6, max_delta_step = 1.2, early_stop_rounds = 5 and nrounds = 5000. The feature importance for GBM is measured by the improvement in accuracy brought by a feature across all trees. XGBoost returns feature importance that sums up to 1 for all features. We also normalised the importance to a [0, 1] scale (i.e., importance relative to the most important feature).

Evaluation of two BMR models

We evaluated both models with 1 Mb autosome bins (n = 2521) and training genomic elements (n = 867,266) defined above. The 1 Mb elements have been used in many studies^14,15,67. For both elements, we obtain the predicted mutation rate by fivefold CV. For 1 Mb elements, we used fourfold data for model training and onefold data for model evaluation. For training elements, we use 1-fold data to train the model and the rest to evaluate. As per previous work, we used R² score and Pearson’s r as evaluation metrics¹⁵. Standard error of the mean (SEM) for R² and r was calculated from fivefold CV.

Calculation of element functional impact scores

Four different functional scores were used in this analysis^16,17,18,19. For CDS, CADD (SNVs and indels, v1.3), DANN (SNVs) and EIGEN (SNVs) scores were used. CADD indel scores were generated with the CADD web interface for all observed indels in the PCAWG data set. For splice site, CADD and DANN scores were used. For non-coding elements, the CADD, DANN and LINSIGHT (SNVs and indels) score were used. Then the following steps were used to calculate the functional impact score per genomic element. First, raw scores were retrieved for all observed mutations in the data set. Second, all raw scores were converted to phred-like scores by $- 10log_{10}(rank/N_m)$, where N_m is the number of observed mutations having scores. Third, for each genomic element, its functional score S was calculated as:

$$S = \frac{1}{N}\mathop {\sum }\limits_{i = 1}^N \underline {s_i}$$

where N is the number of donors and s_i is the average functional impact score for the ith donor.

Adjustment of the mutation count

To compensate for the unbalanced number of mutations among samples, instead of using the mutation count per element directly we used the geometric mean of mutation count and sample count. That is, we use the balanced count $y^b = \sqrt {y \cdot n_d}$ instead of y directly for significance test, where n_d is the number of mutated donors. Based on the motivation that not all mutations should be weighted the same, the balanced mutation count y^b was then adjusted for nearly significant elements (raw q value < 0.25) by a functional weight w, that is $y^f = w \cdot y^b$, where y^f is the functionally adjusted mutation count. For the element j, the functional weight w_j was calculated based on its functional score S_j and a threshold score S_T:

$$w_j = \frac{{S_j}}{{S_T}} = \frac{{S_j}}{{ - 10log_{10}F}}$$

The threshold score S_T is controlled by a single parameter F between 0 and 1, and can be interpreted as the fraction of functionally relevant variants among all observed variants. Parameter tuning of F can be found at Supplementary Note 1.

Assessment of the element significance

For each element, we calculated $P(y^b \ge y^ \wedge )$ as the raw p value and $P(y^f \ge y^ \wedge )$ as the function-adapted p value. As overdispersion has been documented in burden-based methods and can affect the driver discovery accuracy²², here we performed a regression-based overdispersion test for each tumour cohort using the training set⁶⁸. Based on the result of the overdispersion test, we calculated the raw and function-adpated p values by following a binomial distribution or a negative binomial distribution:

$$y^b\,or\,y^f \sim \left\{ {NB(y^ \wedge ,s \cdot \theta ),if\,p \le 0.01\,B\left( {N \cdot L,\frac{{y^ \wedge }}{{N \cdot L}}} \right)} \right.$$

otherwise, where p and θ are the p value and dispersion parameter estimated from the overdispersion test, and s is the scaling factor for θ used to accommodate the discrepancy between test and training set in terms of the dispersion level. We used s = 3 for lymphomas and s = 1 otherwise in this analysis.

Multiple testing correction

In all cases, q values were generated by the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure⁶⁹. We chose q < 0.1 as the significant level and q < 0.25 as the nearly significant level. For each element set, multiple testing correction was performed for each tumour cohort (cohort q value) and across all tumour cohorts (global q value). Cohort q values were used in functional adjustment and global q values were used to define the final driver list.

Generation of reference cancer drivers

Reference cancer drivers were used to benchmark the performance of DriverPower. Three reference sets were used: (1) the COSMIC CGC (v82, n = 567); (2) the PCAWG consensus driver candidates (PCAWG-consensus; n = 157 for coding and n = 26 for non-coding); (3) the PCAWG raw integrated driver candidates (PCAWG-raw; n = 193 for coding and n = 79 for non-coding). PCAWG-consensus (q value post-filtering < 0.1) is a set of highly confident non-coding drivers and subjected to multiple stringent filters as described. PCAWG-raw (q value pre-filtering < 0.1) is a superset of PCAWG-consensus and includes non-coding drivers that were not subjected to the filtering process. PCAWG-raw driver candidates that are mutated in fewer than three samples were removed in this analysis. For promoter and 5′-UTR candidates in the PCAWG consensus drivers, we reversed the filtering for overlapping elements (i.e., one element is selected over the overlapping element based on prior knowledge). For example, we kept both the promoter and the overlapping 5′-UTR of WDR74 in this analysis; in the PCAWG consensus set, the WDR74 promoter is preferentially selected over its 5′-UTR.

Benchmarking of DriverPower

We compared coding and non-coding driver candidates called by DriverPower to driver candidates called by six other published driver detection tools (ActiveDriverWGS²⁵, ExInAtor²⁰, LARVA²², MutSig²⁴, ncdDetect²¹ and oncodriveFML²³). Driver calls for 26 single tumour cohorts (no Skin-Melanoma, Lymph-CLL and Lymph-BNHL) were retrieved from the PCAWG driver group. For each method, we removed driver candidates that are mutated in fewer than three samples. We used precision (TP/(TP + FP)), recall (TP/(TP + FN)) and F1 score (2*Precision*Recall/(Precision + Recall)) as performance metrics.

For CDS, we used the CGC gene set as the gold standard. For each method, true positive genes were defined as genes presented in the gold standard set and the precision was then calculated as the fraction of true positive genes among all called genes. For recall, since we cannot accurately know the expected set of driver genes that should be called for each tumour cohort in the data set, a lower-bound approximation was used instead. The lower-bound approximation was estimated by taking the union of all true positive genes identified by each method and the recall was then calculated as the fraction of true positive genes called among the lower-bound approximation.

For gene splice sites, the same gold standard gene set and benchmark method as CDS were used. Owing to data availability, the comparison was only performed for ncdDetect, oncodriveFML and DriverPower.

For promoters, enhancers, 3′-UTRs and 5′-UTRs, because the number of non-coding driver candidates is small, four element sets were benchmarked together. No data for ExInAtor is available for this comparison. For each tumour cohort, true positive driver elements were defined as elements called by at least three methods. The calculation of precision, recall and F1 score was then identical as for the CDS and splice site.

Somatic copy number and SVs analysis

We used SCNA (including GISTIC2.0 results) and SV call sets released January 2017⁷⁰. The copy number status (loss, neutral or gain) of a region is classified based on the difference between the absolute copy number of the region and the genome-wide ploidy of the donor. For gene-level SVs, we calculated the number of breakpoints per gene (including CDS, splice sites, UTRs and promoters) per donor.

Differential expression analysis

We used the upper quartile normalised gene expression (FPKM-UQ) released May 2016⁷¹. When comparing the expression difference between two groups of donors, we fitted the following quasi-Poisson family GLM and then employed the likelihood ratio test to obtain p values for mutational status: FPKM-UQ ~ MUT + SCNA + [Tissue], where MUT is the mutational status (0 for unmutated donors and 1 for mutated donors), SCNA is the somatic copy number status (−1, 0 or 1 for copy number loss, neutral or gain, respectively) and Tissue is the tumour tissue type. The tissue type was only used for pan-cancer comparison for the adjustment of tumour types.

WES data analysis

We obtained two WES data sets through the Genomic Data Common (GDC)⁷²: TCGA-PAAD (35,321 somatic mutations across 180 samples) and TCGA-LIHA (56,208 somatic mutations across 364 samples). We chose public MuTect2 variants from GDC. Variant coordinates were lifted from hg38 to hg19 with the UCSC liftOver tool. Only CADD scores were used to detect drivers. For TCGA-PAAD, GBM models trained from Panc-AdenoCA of the PCAWG data were used. For TCGA-LIHA, GBM models trained from Liver-HCC were used.

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Code availability

The source code for DriverPower (written mainly in Python 3) is available at GitHub [https://github.com/smshuai/DriverPower]. It is distributed under GNU General Public License 3.0, which allows for reuse and redistribution. Other software packages and bioinformatics tools used in this study are indicated in the corresponding method sections. The core computational pipelines used by the PCAWG Consortium for alignment, quality control and variant calling are available to the public at [https://dockstore.org/search?search=pcawg] under the GNU General Public License v3.0, which allows for reuse and distribution.

Data availability

The data sets underpinning the analyses in the paper are detailed in Supplementary Table 1. Aligned sequencing data, as well as somatic and germline variant calls from PCAWG tumours, including SNVs, indels, copy number alterations and structural variants, are available for download at [https://dcc.icgc.org/releases/PCAWG]. Additional information on accessing the data, including raw read files, can be found at [https://docs.icgc.org/pcawg/data/]. In accordance with the data access policies of the ICGC and TCGA projects, most molecular, clinical and specimen data are in an open tier, which does not require access approval. To access potentially identification information, such as germline alleles and underlying sequencing data, researchers will need to apply to the TCGA Data Access Committee (DAC) via dbGaP [https://dbgap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/aa/wga.cgi?page=login] for access to the TCGA portion of the data set, and to the ICGC Data Access Compliance Office (DACO; [https://icgc.org/daco]) for the ICGC portion. In addition, to access somatic SNVs derived from TCGA donors, researchers will also need to obtain dbGaP authorisation.

In addition, the analyses in this paper used several data sets that were derived from the raw sequencing data and variant calls (Supplementary Table 1). The individual data sets are available at Synapse (https://www.synapse.org/), and are denoted with synXXXXX accession numbers (listed under Synapse ID); all these data sets are also mirrored at https://dcc.icgc.org, with full links, filenames, accession numbers and descriptions detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The data sets encompass: harmonised tumour histopathology annotations using a standardised hierarchical ontology (syn10389164); consensus somatic SNVs, MNVs and indels (syn7364923); gene expression profiles from RNA-sequencing data (syn5553991); genomic intervals used in driver region calls (syn5259890); driver region calls by each individual methods (syn7359546); consensus gene-level somatic copy number calls (syn8239175); three simulation data sets for somatic mutations (syn7187923, syn7436065 and syn7152699).

Change history

08 December 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32343-8

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Government of Ontario. We acknowledge the contributions of the many clinical networks across ICGC and TCGA who provided samples and data to the PCAWG Consortium, and the contributions of the Technical Working Group and the Germline Working Group of the PCAWG Consortium for collation, realignment and harmonised variant calling of the cancer genomes used in this study. We thank the patients and their families for their participation in the individual ICGC and TCGA projects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
Shimin Shuai, Gary D. Bader, Shimin Shuai, Lincoln D. Stein & Lincoln D. Stein
Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
Shimin Shuai, Jonathan Barenboim, Keren Isaev, Marta Paczkowska, Jüri Reimand, Shimin Shuai, Lincoln D. Stein, Lina Wadi & Lincoln D. Stein
Division of General Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4
Steven Gallinger
Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X5
Steven Gallinger
Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
Federico Abascal, Peter J. Campbell & Iñigo Martincorena
Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin
Quantitative & Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin & Lucas Lochovsky
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Rameen Beroukhim, Gad Getz, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Julian M. Hess, Manolis Kellis, Jaegil Kim, Michael S. Lawrence, Ziao Lin, Yosef E. Maruvka, Esther Rheinbay, Gordon Saksena, Steven E. Schumacher, Ofer Shapira, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong & Grace Tiao
Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay
Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Rameen Beroukhim
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Rameen Beroukhim, Gad Getz & Esther Rheinbay
Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
Johanna Bertl & Asger Hobolth
Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, N 8200, Denmark
Johanna Bertl, Henrik Hornshøj, Malene Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Tobias Madsen, Morten Muhlig Nielsen & Jakob Skou Pedersen
Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
Keith A. Boroevich, Todd A. Johnson, Michael S. Lawrence & Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
Keith A. Boroevich & Hidewaki Nakagawa
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
Søren Brunak & Jose M. G. Izarzugaza
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
Søren Brunak
Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
Peter J. Campbell
Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rory Johnson, Andrés Lanzós & Mark A. Rubin
Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rory Johnson & Andrés Lanzós
Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita & Andrés Lanzós
Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology - Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Dimple Chakravarty
Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
Dimple Chakravarty
Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
Calvin Wing Yiu Chan & Carl Herrmann
Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Chen Hong & Lina Sieverling
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Ken Chen
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
Jung Kyoon Choi
Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 8003, Spain
Jordi Deu-Pons & Joan Frigola
Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08002, Spain
Jordi Deu-Pons, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Carlota Rubio-Perez & David Tamborero
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
Klev Diamanti, Jan Komorowski & Husen M. Umer
Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
Lars Feuerbach, Chen Hong & Lina Sieverling
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
J. Lynn Fink, Alfonso Valencia & Miguel Vazquez
Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
J. Lynn Fink
CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-601, Portugal
Nuno A. Fonseca
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
Nuno A. Fonseca & Jan O. Korbel
University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
Dale W. Garsed & Mark Shackleton
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
Dale W. Garsed & Mark Shackleton
Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
Mark Gerstein
Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
Mark Gerstein, Sushant Kumar, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, Patrick D. McGillivray, Leonidas Salichos & Jonathan Warrell
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
Mark Gerstein, Arif O. Harmanci, Sushant Kumar, Donghoon Lee, Shantao Li, Xiaotong Li, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, William Meyerson, Leonidas Salichos, Jonathan Warrell, Jing Zhang & Yan Zhang
Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
Gad Getz
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Gad Getz
Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
Qianyun Guo, Asger Hobolth & Jakob Skou Pedersen
CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
Ivo G. Gut
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
Ivo G. Gut
Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
David Haan & Joshua M. Stuart
Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Mark P. Hamilton
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Michael S. Lawrence, Yosef E. Maruvka & Esther Rheinbay
Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Arif O. Harmanci
The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
Mohamed Helmy
Health Data Science Unit, University Clinics, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
Carl Herrmann
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
Carl Herrmann
Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
Julian M. Hess & Yosef E. Maruvka
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
Ermin Hodzic & S. Cenk Sahinalp
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
Keren Isaev & Jüri Reimand
Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann & Chris Sander
Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
Andre Kahles
Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
Andre Kahles & Kjong-Van Lehmann
SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
Andre Kahles & Kjong-Van Lehmann
University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
Andre Kahles & Kjong-Van Lehmann
Clinical Bioinformatics, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman
Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman
Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman & Christian von Mering
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Manolis Kellis
Controlled Department and Institution, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Ekta Khurana
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Ekta Khurana & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
Research Core Center, National Cancer Centre Korea, Goyang-si, 410-769, South Korea
Jong K. Kim
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
Youngwook Kim
Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Youngwook Kim
Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsawa, 01-248, Poland
Jan Komorowski
Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
Jan O. Korbel, Sebastian M. Waszak & Joachim Weischenfeldt
Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Erik Larsson
Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
Kjong-Van Lehmann
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
Ziao Lin
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Eric Minwei Liu
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
Kathleen Marchal & Sergio Pulido-Tamayo
Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
Kathleen Marchal, Sergio Pulido-Tamayo & Lieven P. C. Verbeke
Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
William Meyerson
Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Iker Reyes-Salazar, Carlota Rubio-Perez & David Tamborero
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
Keunchil Park
Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
Keunchil Park
Cheonan Industry-Academic Collaboration Foundation, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, South Korea
Kiejung Park
Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, 28029, Spain
Tirso Pons
Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
Benjamin J. Raphael & Matthew A. Reyna
Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
Mark A. Rubin
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Pathology and Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology: VHIO, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
Carlota Rubio-Perez
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
S. Cenk Sahinalp
Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
S. Cenk Sahinalp & Raunak Shrestha
cBio Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Chris Sander
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Chris Sander & Ciyue Shen
Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
Steven E. Schumacher & Ofer Shapira
cBio Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
Ciyue Shen
Finsen Laboratory and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
Nikos Sidiropoulos & Joachim Weischenfeldt
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Husen M. Umer
Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12616, Estonia
Liis Uusküla-Reimand
Genetics & Genome Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
Liis Uusküla-Reimand
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
Alfonso Valencia
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7030, Norway
Miguel Vazquez
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (IMEC), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
Lieven P. C. Verbeke
Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75108, Sweden
Claes Wadelius
School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710048, China
Jiayin Wang & Xuanping Zhang
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710048, China
Jiayin Wang
The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
Jiayin Wang
Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
Joachim Weischenfeldt
Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
David A. Wheeler
Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
David A. Wheeler
Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
Guanming Wu
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
Jun Yu
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Xuanping Zhang
Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
Yan Zhang
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC—James), Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
Yan Zhang
The University of Texas School of Biomedical Informatics (SBMI) at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Zhongming Zhao
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
Lihua Zou
Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
Christian von Mering
Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Lauri A. Aaltonen
Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
Federico Abascal, David J. Adams, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Sam Behjati, Shriram G. Bhosle, David T. Bowen, Adam P. Butler, Peter J. Campbell, Peter Clapham, Helen Davies, Kevin J. Dawson, Stefan C. Dentro, Serge Serge, Erik Garrison, Mohammed Ghori, Dominik Glodzik, Jonathan Hinton, David R. Jones, Young Seok Ju, Stian Knappskog, Barbara Kremeyer, Henry Lee-Six, Daniel A. Leongamornlert, Yilong Li, Sancha Martin, Iñigo Martincorena, Ultan McDermott, Andrew Menzies, Thomas J. Mitchell, Sandro Morganella, Jyoti Nangalia, Jonathan Nicholson, Serena Nik-Zainal, Sarah O’Meara, Elli Papaemmanuil, Keiran M. Raine, Manasa Ramakrishna, Kamna Ramakrishnan, Nicola D. Roberts, Rebecca Shepherd, Lucy Stebbings, Michael R. Stratton, Maxime Tarabichi, Jon W. Teague, Ignacio Vázquez-García, David C. Wedge, Lucy Yates, Jorge Zamora & Xueqing Zou
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Adam Abeshouse, Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, Gunes Gundem, Zachary Heins, Jason Huse, Douglas A. Levine, Eric Minwei Liu & Angelica Ochoa
Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Hiroyuki Aburatani, Genta Nagae, Akihiro Suzuki, Kenji Tatsuno & Shogo Yamamoto
Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Nishant Agrawal
Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
Keun Soo Ahn & Koo Jeong Kang
Department of Oncology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
Sung-Min Ahn
Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
Hiroshi Aikata, Koji Arihiro, Kazuaki Chayama, Yoshiiku Kawakami & Hideki Ohdan
Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Rehan Akbani, Shaolong Cao, Yiwen Chen, Zechen Chong, Yu Fan, Jun Li, Han Liang, Wenyi Wang, Yumeng Wang & Yuan Yuan
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Kadir C. Akdemir & Ken Chen
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Al Maather, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sultan T. Al-Sedairy
Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
Fatima Al-Shahrour & Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Malik Alawi
Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
Malik Alawi & Adam Grundhoff
Ontario Tumour Bank, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Monique Albert & John Bartlett
Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Kenneth Aldape, Russell R. Broaddus, Bogdan Czerniak, Adel El-Naggar, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Alexander J. Lazar & Xiaoping Su
Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
Kenneth Aldape
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Ludmil B. Alexandrov & Erik N. Bergstrom
UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Erik N. Bergstrom & Olivier Harismendy
Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Adrian Ally, Miruna Balasundaram, Reanne Bowlby, Denise Brooks, Rebecca Carlsen, Eric Chuah, Noreen Dhalla, Robert A. Holt, Steven J. M. Jones, Katayoon Kasaian, Darlene Lee, Haiyan Irene Li, Yussanne Ma, Marco A. Marra, Michael Mayo, Richard A. Moore, Andrew J. Mungall, Karen Mungall, A. Gordon Robertson, Sara Sadeghi, Jacqueline E. Schein, Payal Sipahimalani, Angela Tam, Nina Thiessen & Tina Wong
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Kathryn Alsop, David D. L. Bowtell, Elizabeth L. Christie, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Sian Fereday, Dale W. Garsed, Linda Mileshkin, Chris Mitchell, Mark Shackleton, Heather Thorne & Nadia Traficante
Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Javier Temes, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora
Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Javier Temes, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora
The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Marta Tojo, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital - Bolsover, London, UK
Fernanda Amary
Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin, P. Andrew Futreal & Alexander J. Lazar
Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin, Han Liang & Yumeng Wang
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Samirkumar B. Amin, Joshy George & Lucas Lochovsky
Genome Informatics Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Brice Aminou, Niall J. Byrne, Aurélien Chateigner, Nodirjon Fayzullaev, Vincent Ferretti, George L. Mihaiescu, Hardeep K. Nahal-Bose, Brian D. O’Connor, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Marc D. Perry, Kevin Thai, Qian Xiang, Christina K. Yung & Junjun Zhang
Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
Ole Ammerpohl, Andrea Haake, Cristina López, Julia Richter & Rabea Wagener
Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
Ole Ammerpohl, Sietse Aukema, Cristina López, Reiner Siebert & Rabea Wagener
Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Matthew J. Anderson, Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Angelika N. Christ, J. Lynn Fink, Ivon Harliwong, Karin S. Kassahn, David K. Miller, Alan J. Robertson & Darrin F. Taylor
Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
Yeng Ang, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Ritika Kundra & Francisco Sanchez-Vega
Department of Surgery, Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Davide Antonello, Claudio Bassi, Narong Khuntikeo, Luca Landoni, Giuseppe Malleo, Giovanni Marchegiani, Neil D. Merrett, Marco Miotto, Salvatore Paiella, Antonio Pea, Paolo Pederzoli, Roberto Salvia, Jaswinder S. Samra, Elisabetta Sereni & Samuel Singer
Molecular and Medical Genetics, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Pavana Anur, Myron Peto & Paul T. Spellman
Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Samuel Aparicio
The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Matthew H. Bailey, Matthew G. Cordes, Li Ding, Catrina C. Fronick, Lucinda A. Fulton, Robert S. Fulton, Kuan-lin Huang, Reyka Jayasinghe, Elaine R. Mardis, R. Jay Mashl, Michael D. McLellan, Christopher A. Miller, Heather K. Schmidt, Jiayin Wang, Michael C. Wendl, Richard K. Wilson & Tina Wong
University College London, London, UK
Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Jonathan D. Kay, Helena Kilpinen, Laurence B. Lovat, Hayley J. Luxton & Hayley C. Whitaker
Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Yasuhito Arai, Natsuko Hama, Fumie Hosoda, Hiromi Nakamura, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Yasushi Totoki & Shinichi Yachida
DLR Project Management Agency, Bonn, Germany
Axel Aretz
Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
Shun-ichi Ariizumi & Masakazu Yamamoto
Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Joshua Armenia, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Jianjiong Gao, Ritika Kundra, Francisco Sanchez-Vega, Nikolaus Schultz & Hongxin Zhang
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Laurent Arnould
Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Sylvia Asa, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Theodorus Van der Kwast
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
Sylvia Asa, Simon L. Parsons & Ming Tsao
Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Yassen Assenov
Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gurnit Atwal, Philip Awadalla, Jonathan Barenboim, Vinayak Bhandari, Ivan Borozan, Paul C. Boutros, Lewis Jonathan Dursi, Shadrielle M. G. Espiritu, Natalie S. Fox, Michael Fraser, Syed Haider, Vincent Huang, Keren Isaev, Wei Jiao, Christopher M. Lalansingh, Emilie Lalonde, Fabien C. Lamaze, Constance H. Li, Julie Livingstone, Christine P’ng, Marta Paczkowska, Stephenie D. Prokopec, Jüri Reimand, Veronica Y. Sabelnykova, Adriana Salcedo, Yu-Jia Shiah, Solomon I. Shorser, Shimin Shuai, Jared T. Simpson, Lincoln D. Stein, Ren X. Sun, Lina Wadi, Gavin W. Wilson, Adam J. Wright, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Fouad Yousif & Denis Yuen
Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gurnit Atwal, Philip Awadalla, Gary D. Bader, Shimin Shuai & Lincoln D. Stein
Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gurnit Atwal, Quaid D. Morris, Yulia Rubanova & Jeffrey A. Wintersinger
Hematopathology Section, Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
Sietse Aukema, Wolfram Klapper, Julia Richter & Monika Szczepanowski
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
J. Todd Auman & Charles M. Perou
Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Miriam R. R. Aure, Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale & Anita Langerød
Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Marta Aymerich
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Transmissible Cancer Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Adrian Baez-Ortega
Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Matthew H. Bailey, Li Ding, Robert S. Fulton, Ramaswamy Govindan & Michael D. McLellan
Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Peter J. Bailey, Andrew V. Biankin, David K. Chang, Susanna L. Cooke, Fraser R. Duthie, Janet S. Graham, Nigel B. Jamieson, Elizabeth A. Musgrove & Derek W. Wright
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Saianand Balu, Tom Bodenheimer, D. Neil Hayes, Austin J. Hepperla, Katherine A. Hoadley, Alan P. Hoyle, Stuart R. Jefferys, Shaowu Meng, Lisle E. Mose, Grant Sanders, Yan Shi, Janae V. Simons & Matthew G. Soloway
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Rameen Beroukhim, Angela N. Brooks, Susan Bullman, John Busanovich, Andrew D. Cherniack, Juok Cho, Carrie Cibulskis, Kristian Cibulskis, David Craft, Timothy Defreitas, Andrew J. Dunford, Scott Frazer, Stacey B. Gabriel, Nils Gehlenborg, Gad Getz, Manaswi Gupta, Gavin Ha, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, David I. Heiman, Julian M. Hess, Manolis Kellis, Jaegil Kim, Kiran Kumar, Kirsten Kübler, Eric Lander, Michael S. Lawrence, Ignaty Leshchiner, Pei Lin, Ziao Lin, Dimitri Livitz, Yosef E. Maruvka, Samuel R. Meier, Matthew Meyerson, Michael S. Noble, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Paz Polak, Esther Rheinbay, Daniel Rosebrock, Mara Rosenberg, Gordon Saksena, Richard Sallari, Steven E. Schumacher, Ayellet V. Segre, Ofer Shapira, Juliann Shih, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong, Oliver Spiro, Chip Stewart, Amaro Taylor-Weiner, Grace Tiao, Douglas Voet, Jeremiah A. Wala, Cheng-Zhong Zhang & Hailei Zhang
Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Pratiti Bandopadhayay
Leeds Institute of Medical Research @ St. James’s, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
Rosamonde E. Banks & Naveen Vasudev
Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Stefano Barbi, Vincenzo Corbo & Michele Simbolo
Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Andrew P. Barbour
Surgical Oncology Group, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Andrew P. Barbour
Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
Research Health Analytics and Informatics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
Hugh Barr
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
Elisabet Barrera, Wojciech Bazant, Ewan Birney, Rich Boyce, Alvis Brazma, Andy Cafferkey, Claudia Calabrese, Paul Flicek, Nuno A. Fonseca, Anja Füllgrabe, Moritz Gerstung, Santiago Gonzalez, Liliana Greger, Maria Keays, Jan O. Korbel, Alfonso Muñoz, Steven J. Newhouse, David Ocana, Irene Papatheodorou, Robert Petryszak, Roland F. Schwarz, Charles Short, Oliver Stegle & Lara Urban
Diagnostic Development, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
John Bartlett & Ilinca Lungu
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
Javier Bartolome, Mattia Bosio, Ana Dueso-Barroso, J. Lynn Fink, Josep L. L. Gelpi, Ana Milovanovic, Montserrat Puiggròs, Javier Bartolomé Rodriguez, Romina Royo, David Torrents, Alfonso Valencia, Miguel Vazquez, David Vicente & Izar Villasante
Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Oliver F. Bathe
Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Oliver F. Bathe
Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Daniel Baumhoer & Bodil Bjerkehagen
PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Prashant Bavi, Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue, Sean Cleary, Robert E. Denroche, Steven Gallinger, Robert C. Grant, Gun Ho Jang, Sangeetha Kalimuthu, Ilinca Lungu, John D. McPherson, Faiyaz Notta, Michael H. A. Roehrl, Gavin W. Wilson & Julie M. Wilson
Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Stephen B. Baylin, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Leslie Cope, Ludmila Danilova & Ralph H. Hruban
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Stephen B. Baylin & Tim Dudderidge
Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Duncan Beardsmore & Christopher Umbricht
Genome Sequence Informatics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Timothy A. Beck, Bob Gibson, Lawrence E. Heisler, Xuemei Luo & Morgan L. Taschuk
Human Longevity Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
Timothy A. Beck
Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
Andreas Behren & Jonathan Cebon
Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Beifang Niu
Genome Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Cindy Bell
CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
Sergi Beltran, Ivo G. Gut, Marta Gut, Simon C. Heath, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Arcadi Navarro, Miranda D. Stobbe, Jean-Rémi Trotta & Justin P. Whalley
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
Sergi Beltran, Mattia Bosio, German M. Demidov, Oliver Drechsel, Ivo G. Gut, Marta Gut, Simon C. Heath, Francesc Muyas, Stephan Ossowski, Aparna Prasad, Raquel Rabionet, Miranda D. Stobbe & Hana Susak
Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
Christopher Benz & Christina Yau
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Andrew Berchuck
Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Anke K. Bergmann
Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Benjamin P. Berman & Huy Q. Dinh
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Benjamin P. Berman
The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
Benjamin P. Berman
Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Daniel M. Berney & Yong-Jie Lu
Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Stephan H. Bernhart, Hans Binder, Steve Hoffmann & Peter F. Stadler
Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Stephan H. Bernhart, Hans Binder, Steve Hoffmann, Helene Kretzmer & Peter F. Stadler
Transcriptome Bioinformatics, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Stephan H. Bernhart, Steve Hoffmann, Helene Kretzmer & Peter F. Stadler
Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Rameen Beroukhim, Angela N. Brooks, Susan Bullman, Andrew D. Cherniack, Levi Garraway, Matthew Meyerson, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Steven E. Schumacher, Juliann Shih & Jeremiah A. Wala
Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Rameen Beroukhim, Aquila Fatima, Andrea L. Richardson, Steven E. Schumacher, Ofer Shapira, Andrew Tutt & Jeremiah A. Wala
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Rameen Beroukhim, Gad Getz, Kirsten Kübler, Matthew Meyerson, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Paz Polak, Esther Rheinbay & Jeremiah A. Wala
USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mario Berrios, Moiz S. Bootwalla, Andrea Holbrook, Phillip H. Lai, Dennis T. Maglinte, David J. Van Den Berg & Daniel J. Weisenberger
Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Samantha Bersani, Ivana Cataldo, Claudio Luchini & Maria Scardoni
Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Johanna Bertl & Asger Hobolth
Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Johanna Bertl, Henrik Hornshøj, Malene Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Tobias Madsen, Morten Muhlig Nielsen & Jakob Skou Pedersen
Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
Miguel Betancourt
Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vinayak Bhandari, Paul C. Boutros, Robert G. Bristow, Keren Isaev, Constance H. Li, Jüri Reimand, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Bradly G. Wouters
Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
Andrew V. Biankin, David K. Chang, Lorraine A. Chantrill, Angela Chou, Anthony J. Gill, Amber L. Johns, James G. Kench, David K. Miller, Adnan M. Nagrial, Marina Pajic, Mark Pinese, Ilse Rooman, Christopher J. Scarlett, Christopher W. Toon & Jianmin Wu
South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Liverpool, NSW, Australia
Andrew V. Biankin
West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Andrew V. Biankin & Nigel B. Jamieson
Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Matthias Bieg
Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Matthias Bieg, Ivo Buchhalter, Barbara Hutter & Nagarajan Paramasivam
The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Darell Bigner
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Michael Birrer, Vikram Deshpande, William C. Faquin, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Kirsten Kübler, Michael S. Lawrence, David N. Louis, Yosef E. Maruvka, G. Petur Nielsen, Esther Rheinbay, Mara Rosenberg, Dennis C. Sgroi & Chin-Lee Wu
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Nidhan K. Biswas, Arindam Maitra & Partha P. Majumder
Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Bodil Bjerkehagen
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Lori Boice, Mei Huang, Sonia Puig & Leigh B. Thorne
ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Giada Bonizzato, Cinzia Cantù, Ivana Cataldo, Vincenzo Corbo, Sonia Grimaldi, Rita T. Lawlor, Andrea Mafficini, Borislav C. Rusev, Aldo Scarpa, Katarzyna O. Sikora, Nicola Sperandio, Alain Viari & Caterina Vicentini
The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Johann S. De Bono, Niedzica Camacho, Colin S. Cooper, Sandra E. Edwards, Rosalind A. Eeles, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Daniel A. Leongamornlert, Lucy Matthews & Sue Merson
Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Arnoud Boot, Ioana Cutcutache, Mi Ni Huang, John R. McPherson, Steven G. Rozen & Yang Wu
Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Arnoud Boot, Ioana Cutcutache, Mi Ni Huang, John R. McPherson, Steven G. Rozen, Patrick Tan, Bin Tean Teh & Yang Wu
Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Ake Borg, Markus Ringnér & Johan Staaf
Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Arndt Borkhardt & Jessica I. Hoell
Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
Keith A. Boroevich, Todd A. Johnson, Michael S. Lawrence & Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
Keith A. Boroevich, Akihiro Fujimoto, Masashi Fujita, Mayuko Furuta, Kazuhiro Maejima, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Kaoru Nakano & Aya Sasaki-Oku
Department of Internal Medicine/Hematology, Friedrich-Ebert-Hospital, Neumünster, Germany
Christoph Borst & Siegfried Haas
Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Marcus Bosenberg
Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Mattia Bosio, German M. Demidov, Oliver Drechsel, Georgia Escaramis, Xavier Estivill, Aliaksei Z. Holik, Francesc Muyas, Stephan Ossowski, Raquel Rabionet & Hana Susak
Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Jacqueline Boultwood
Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Guillaume Bourque
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Guillaume Bourque, Mark Lathrop & Yasser Riazalhosseini
Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Paul C. Boutros
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Paul C. Boutros
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
G. Steven Bova & Tapio Visakorpi
Haematology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
David T. Bowen
Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
Sandrine Boyault
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jeffrey Boyd & Elaine R. Mardis
International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
Paul Brennan & Ghislaine Scelo
Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
Daniel S. Brewer & Colin S. Cooper
Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Daniel S. Brewer & Colin S. Cooper
Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, HB, The Netherlands
Arie B. Brinkman
CRUK Manchester Institute and Centre, Manchester, UK
Robert G. Bristow
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Robert G. Bristow
Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Robert G. Bristow
Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Robert G. Bristow & Fei-Fei Fei Liu
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Jane E. Brock & Sabina Signoretti
Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Malcolm Brock
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, CX, The Netherlands
Annegien Broeks & Jos Jonkers
Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Angela N. Brooks, David Haan, Maximillian G. Marin, Thomas J. Matthew, Yulia Newton, Cameron M. Soulette & Joshua M. Stuart
UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Angela N. Brooks, Brian Craft, Mary J. Goldman, David Haussler, Joshua M. Stuart & Jingchun Zhu
Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Benedikt Brors, Lars Feuerbach, Chen Hong, Charles David Imbusch & Lina Sieverling
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Benedikt Brors, Barbara Hutter, Peter Lichter, Dirk Schadendorf & Holger Sültmann
National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Benedikt Brors, Barbara Hutter, Holger Sültmann & Thorsten Zenz
Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Søren Brunak
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Søren Brunak
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Oliver Holmes, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Conrad R. Leonard, Felicity Newell, Katia Nones, Ann-Marie Patch, John V. Pearson, Michael C. Quinn, Nick M. Waddell, Nicola Waddell, Scott Wood & Qinying Xu
Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Alex Buchanan & Kyle Ellrott
Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Ivo Buchhalter, Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Roland Eils, Michael C. Heinold, Carl Herrmann, Natalie Jäger, Rolf Kabbe, Jules N. A. Kerssemakers, Kortine Kleinheinz, Nagarajan Paramasivam, Manuel Prinz, Matthias Schlesner & Johannes Werner
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Ivo Buchhalter, Roland Eils, Michael C. Heinold, Carl Herrmann, Daniel Hübschmann, Kortine Kleinheinz & Umut H. Toprak
Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin, Germany
Christiane Buchholz
Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Hazel Burke, Ricardo De Paoli-Iseppi, Nicholas K. Hayward, Peter Hersey, Valerie Jakrot, Hojabr Kakavand, Georgina V. Long, Graham J. Mann, Robyn P. M. Saw, Richard A. Scolyer, Ping Shang, Andrew J. Spillane, Jonathan R. Stretch, John F. F. Thompson & James S. Wilmott
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
Birgit Burkhardt
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kathleen H. Burns & Christopher Umbricht
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kathleen H. Burns
Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
John Busanovich
Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Carlos D. Bustamante & Francisco M. De La Vega
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Carlos D. Bustamante, Francisco M. De La Vega, Suyash S. Shringarpure, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong & Mark H. Wright
Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Atul J. Butte & Jieming Chen
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Samantha J. Caesar-Johnson, John A. Demchok, Ina Felau, Roy Tarnuzzer, Zhining Wang, Liming Yang, Jean C. Zenklusen & Jiashan Zhang
Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
Declan Cahill, Nening M. Dennis, Tim Dudderidge, Rosalind A. Eeles, Cyril Fisher, Steven Hazell, Vincent Khoo, Pardeep Kumar, Naomi Livni, Erik Mayer, David Nicol, Christopher Ogden, Edward W. Rowe, Sarah Thomas, Alan Thompson & Nicholas van As
Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
Claudia Calabrese, Serap Erkek, Moritz Gerstung, Santiago Gonzalez, Nina Habermann, Wolfgang Huber, Lara Jerman, Jan O. Korbel, Esa Pitkänen, Benjamin Raeder, Tobias Rausch, Vasilisa A. Rudneva, Oliver Stegle, Stephanie Sungalee, Lara Urban, Sebastian M. Waszak, Joachim Weischenfeldt & Sergei Yakneen
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Carlos Caldas & Suet-Feung Chin
Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Carlos Caldas, Suet-Feung Chin, Ruben M. Drews, Paul A. Edwards, Matthew Eldridge, Steve Hawkins, Andy G. Lynch, Geoff Macintyre, Florian Markowetz, Charlie E. Massie, David E. Neal, Simon Tavaré & Ke Yuan
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Fabien Calvo
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Peter J. Campbell, Vincent J. Gnanapragasam, William Howat, Thomas J. Mitchell, David E. Neal, Nimish C. Shah & Anne Y. Warren
Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Peter J. Campbell
Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Elias Campo
Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain
Elias Campo
University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Thomas E. Carey
Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita
Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rory Johnson & Andrés Lanzós
Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Joana Carlevaro-Fita & Andrés Lanzós
University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Mario Cazzola & Luca Malcovati
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Robert Cerfolio
UHN Program in BioSpecimen Sciences, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Dianne E. Chadwick, Sheng-Ben Liang, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Sagedeh Shahabi
Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Dimple Chakravarty
Centre for Law and Genetics, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay Campus, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Don Chalmers
Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Chen Hong & Lina Sieverling
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Kin Chan
Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Vishal S. Chandan
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Stephen J. Chanock, Xing Hua, Lisa Mirabello, Lei Song & Bin Zhu
Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District L3 Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Lorraine A. Chantrill
BioForA, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), ONF, Orléans, France
Aurélien Chateigner
Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Nilanjan Chatterjee
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Zhaohong Chen, Michelle T. Dow, Claudiu Farcas, S. M. Ashiqul Islam, Antonios Koures, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Christos Sotiriou & Ashley Williams
Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Jeremy Chien
Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Yoke-Eng Chiew, Angela Chou, Jillian A. Hung, Catherine J. Kennedy, Graham J. Mann, Gulietta M. Pupo, Sarah-Jane Schramm, Varsha Tembe & Anna deFazio
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Yoke-Eng Chiew, Jillian A. Hung, Catherine J. Kennedy & Anna deFazio
PDXen Biosystems Inc, Seoul, South Korea
Sunghoon Cho
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
Jung Kyoon Choi, Young Seok Ju & Christopher J. Yoon
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
Wan Choi, Seung-Hyup Jeon, Hyunghwan Kim & Youngchoon Woo
Institut National du Cancer (INCA), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
Christine Chomienne & Iris Pauporté
Department of Genetics, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Zechen Chong
Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
Su Pin Choo
Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Sara Cingarlini & Michele Milella
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Alexander Claviez
Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
Sean Cleary, Ashton A. Connor & Steven Gallinger
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Nicole Cloonan
Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Marek Cmero
The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Marek Cmero
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Marek Cmero
Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada
Colin C. Collins, Nilgun Donmez, Faraz Hach, Salem Malikic, S. Cenk Sahinalp, Iman Sarrafi & Raunak Shrestha
Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Ashton A. Connor, Steven Gallinger, Robert C. Grant, Treasa A. McPherson & Iris Selander
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Colin S. Cooper
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
Matthew G. Cordes, Catrina C. Fronick & Tom Roques
Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
Stephen M. Cordner
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park
Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Kyle Covington, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Richard A. Gibbs, Jianhong Hu, Joy C. Jayaseelan, Viktoriya Korchina, Lora Lewis, Donna M. Muzny, Linghua Wang, David A. Wheeler & Liu Xi
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Prue A. Cowin, Anne Hamilton, Gisela Mir Arnau & Ravikiran Vedururu
Physics Division, Optimization and Systems Biology Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
David Craft
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Chad J. Creighton
University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Yupeng Cun, Martin Peifer & Tsun-Po Yang
International Genomics Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Erin Curley & Troy Shelton
Genomics Research Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Karolina Czajka, Jenna Eagles, Thomas J. Hudson, Jeremy Johns, Faridah Mbabaali, John D. McPherson, Jessica K. Miller, Danielle Pasternack, Michelle Sam & Lee E. Timms
Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, UK
Bogdan Czerniak, Adel El-Naggar & David Khoo
Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Rebecca A. Dagg
Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Maria Vittoria Davi
Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Alessandro Pastore, Gunnar Rätsch, Chris Sander, Yasin Senbabaoglu & Nicholas D. Socci
Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Gunnar Rätsch & Stefan G. Stark
Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann & Gunnar Rätsch
SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Gunnar Rätsch & Stefan G. Stark
Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Natalie R. Davidson, Bishoy M. Faltas & Gunnar Rätsch
Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Helen Davies & Serena Nik-Zainal
MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Helen Davies, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Nicola Grehan, Serena Nik-Zainal & Maria O’Donovan
Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Ian J. Davis
Seven Bridges Genomics, Charlestown, MA, USA
Brandi N. Davis-Dusenbery, Sinisa Ivkovic, Milena Kovacevic, Ana Mijalkovic Lazic, Sanja Mijalkovic, Mia Nastic, Petar Radovic & Nebojsa Tijanic
Annai Systems, Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA
Francisco M. De La Vega, Tal Shmaya & Dai-Ying Wu
Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Treviso, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Treviso, Italy
Angelo P. Dei Tos
Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Olivier Delaneau
Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, CH, Switzerland
Olivier Delaneau
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH, Switzerland
Olivier Delaneau
The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Jonas Demeulemeester, Stefan C. Dentro, Matthew W. Fittall, Kerstin Haase, Clemency Jolly, Maxime Tarabichi & Peter Van Loo
University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Jonas Demeulemeester & Peter Van Loo
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German M. Demidov, Francesc Muyas & Stephan Ossowski
Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Deniz Demircioğlu & Jonathan Göke
School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Deniz Demircioğlu
Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Stefan C. Dentro & David C. Wedge
Biomedical Data Science Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Nikita Desai
Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
Nikita Desai
The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Amit G. Deshwar
Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory JC Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
Christine Desmedt
Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Christine Desmedt
Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
Jordi Deu-Pons, Joan Frigola, Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Oriol Pich, Iker Reyes-Salazar, Carlota Rubio-Perez, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan & David Tamborero
Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Jordi Deu-Pons, Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Oriol Pich, Carlota Rubio-Perez, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan & David Tamborero
Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Neesha C. Dhani, David Hedley & Malcolm J. Moore
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
Department of Pathology, UPMC Shadyside, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Rajiv Dhir
Independent Consultant, Wellesley, USA
Anthony DiBiase
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Klev Diamanti, Jan Komorowski & Husen M. Umer
Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Li Ding, Robert S. Fulton, Michael D. McLellan, Michael C. Wendl & Venkata D. Yellapantula
Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, China
Shuai Ding & Shanlin Yang
Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals St.-Augustinus, Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Luc Dirix, Steven Van Laere, Gert G. Van den Eynden & Peter Vermeulen
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Nilgun Donmez, Ermin Hodzic, Salem Malikic, S. Cenk Sahinalp & Iman Sarrafi
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Ronny Drapkin
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
Ana Dueso-Barroso
The Wellcome Trust, London, UK
Michael Dunn
The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Lewis Jonathan Dursi
Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Fraser R. Duthie
Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Ken Dutton-Regester, Nicholas K. Hayward, Oliver Holmes, Peter A. Johansson, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Conrad R. Leonard, Felicity Newell, Katia Nones, Ann-Marie Patch, John V. Pearson, Antonia L. Pritchard, Michael C. Quinn, Paresh Vyas, Nicola Waddell, Scott Wood & Qinying Xu
Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Douglas F. Easton
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Douglas F. Easton
Prostate Cancer Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Stuart Edmonds
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Paul A. Edwards, Anthony R. Green, Andy G. Lynch, Florian Markowetz & Thomas J. Mitchell
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Anna Ehinger
Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Juergen Eils, Roland Eils & Daniel Hübschmann
New BIH Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Juergen Eils, Roland Eils & Chris Lawerenz
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
Georgia Escaramis
Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), UdG, Barcelona, Spain
Georgia Escaramis
Quantitative Genomics Laboratories (qGenomics), Barcelona, Spain
Xavier Estivill
Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland
Jorunn E. Eyfjord, Holmfridur Hilmarsdottir & Jon G. Jonasson
State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
Daiming Fan & Yongzhan Nie
Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Matteo Fassan
Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Francesco Favero
Center for Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Martin L. Ferguson
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Vincent Ferretti
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
Matthew A. Field
Department of Neuro-Oncology, Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milano, Italy
Gaetano Finocchiaro
Bioplatforms Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
Anna Fitzgerald & Catherine A. Shang
Department of Pathology (Research), University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Adrienne M. Flanagan
Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Neil E. Fleshner
Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN, The Netherlands
John A. Foekens, John W. M. Martens, F. Germán Rodríguez-González, Anieta M. Sieuwerts & Marcel Smid
The University of Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Kwun M. Fong
CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
Nuno A. Fonseca
HCA Laboratories, London, UK
Christopher S. Foster
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Christopher S. Foster
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
William Friedman
Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Masashi Fukayama & Tetsuo Ushiku
University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Shengjie Gao, Yong Hou, Chang Li, Lin Li, Siliang Li, Xiaobo Li, Xinyue Li, Dongbing Liu, Xingmin Liu, Qiang Pan-Hammarström, Hong Su, Jian Wang, Kui Wu, Heng Xiong, Huanming Yang, Chen Ye, Xiuqing Zhang, Yong Zhou & Shida Zhu
Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo, Norway
Øystein Garred
Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Nils Gehlenborg
Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Josep L. L. Gelpi
Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Daniela S. Gerhard
Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Clarissa Gerhauser, Christoph Plass & Dieter Weichenhan
Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald
Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald
Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Mark Gerstein & Fabio C. P. Navarro
Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Mark Gerstein, Sushant Kumar, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, Patrick D. McGillivray, Fabio C. P. Navarro, Leonidas Salichos & Jonathan Warrell
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Mark Gerstein, Arif O. Harmanci, Sushant Kumar, Donghoon Lee, Shantao Li, Xiaotong Li, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, William Meyerson, Leonidas Salichos, Jonathan Warrell, Jing Zhang & Yan Zhang
Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Gad Getz & Paz Polak
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Gad Getz
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Ronald Ghossein, Dilip D. Giri, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Jorge Reis-Filho & Victor Reuter
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Nasra H. Giama, Catherine D. Moser & Lewis R. Roberts
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Anthony J. Gill & James G. Kench
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Pelvender Gill, Freddie C. Hamdy, Katalin Karaszi, Adam Lambert, Luke Marsden, Clare Verrill & Paresh Vyas
Department of Surgery, Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Vincent J. Gnanapragasam
Department of Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Maria Elisabeth Goebler
Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Carmen Gomez
Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
Abel Gonzalez-Perez
Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, USA
Dmitry A. Gordenin & Natalie Saini
St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, UK
James Gossage
Osaka International Cancer Center, Osaka, Japan
Kunihito Gotoh
Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Dorthe Grabau
Department of Medical Oncology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
Janet S. Graham
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Eric Green, Carolyn M. Hutter & Heidi J. Sofia
Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Sean M. Grimmond
Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Robert L. Grossman
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
Adam Grundhoff
Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Qianyun Guo, Asger Hobolth & Jakob Skou Pedersen
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Shailja Gupta & K. VijayRaghavan
National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Jonathan Göke
Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
James E. Haber
Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Faraz Hach
Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Mark P. Hamilton
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Leng Han, Yang Yang & Xuanping Zhang
Imperial College NHS Trust, Imperial College, London, INY, UK
George B. Hanna
Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
Martin Hansmann
Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
Olivier Harismendy
Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
Arif O. Harmanci
Oxford Nanopore Technologies, New York, NY, USA
Eoghan Harrington & Sissel Juul
Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Takanori Hasegawa, Shuto Hayashi, Seiya Imoto, Mitsuhiro Komura, Satoru Miyano, Naoki Miyoshi, Kazuhiro Ohi, Eigo Shimizu, Yuichi Shiraishi, Hiroko Tanaka & Rui Yamaguchi
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
David Haussler
Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
Shinya Hayami, Masaki Ueno & Hiroki Yamaue
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
D. Neil Hayes
University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, TN, USA
D. Neil Hayes
Department of Histopathology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
Stephen J. Hayes
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Stephen J. Hayes
BIOPIC, ICG and College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Yao He & Zemin Zhang
Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Yao He & Zemin Zhang
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Allison P. Heath
Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Apurva M. Hegde, Yiling Lu & John N. Weinstein
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Eva Hellstrom-Lindberg & Jesper Lagergren
The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Mohamed Helmy & Jeffrey A. Wintersinger
Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
Seong Gu Heo, Eun Pyo Hong & Ji Wan Park
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
José María Heredia-Genestar, Tomas Marques-Bonet & Arcadi Navarro
Health Data Science Unit, University Clinics, Heidelberg, Germany
Carl Herrmann
Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA, USA
Julian M. Hess & Yosef E. Maruvka
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Satoshi Hirano & Toru Nakamura
Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Katherine A. Hoadley & Tara J. Skelly
Computational Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
Steve Hoffmann
University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Oliver Hofmann
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Michael A. Hollingsworth & Sarah P. Thayer
Syntekabio Inc, Daejeon, South Korea
Jongwhi H. Hong
Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, AZ, The Netherlands
Gerrit K. Hooijer
China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Yong Hou, Chang Li, Siliang Li, Xiaobo Li, Dongbing Liu, Xingmin Liu, Henk G. Stunnenberg, Hong Su, Kui Wu, Heng Xiong, Chen Ye & Shida Zhu
Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Volker Hovestadt, Murat Iskar, Peter Lichter, Bernhard Radlwimmer & Marc Zapatka
Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
Taobo Hu, Yogesh Kumar, Eric Z. Ma, Zhenggang Wu & Hong Xue
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Kuan-lin Huang
Geneplus-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Yi Huang
School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Yi Huang, Jiayin Wang, Xiao Xiao & Xuanping Zhang
AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
Thomas J. Hudson
Institute of Pathology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Michael Hummel & Dido Lenze
Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
David Huntsman
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
Ted R. Hupp
Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
Matthew R. Huska, Julia Markowski & Roland F. Schwarz
Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann, Christof von Kalle & Roland F. Schwarz
Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann
Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Marcin Imielinski
New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
Marcin Imielinski & Xiaotong Yao
Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
William B. Isaacs
Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Shumpei Ishikawa, Hiroto Katoh & Daisuke Komura
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Michael Ittmann
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Michael Ittmann
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
Michael Ittmann
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Jose M. G. Izarzugaza
Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
Jocelyne Jacquemier, Hyung-Yong Kim & Gu Kong
Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Nigel B. Jamieson
Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Se Jin Jang & Hee Jin Lee
Science Writer, Garrett Park, MD, USA
Karine Jegalian
International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC)/ICGC Accelerating Research in Genomic Oncology (ARGO) Secretariat, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jennifer L. Jennings
University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Lara Jerman
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Yuan Ji
Research Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
Yuan Ji
Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Rory Johnson, Andrés Lanzós & Mark A. Rubin
Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
Yann Joly, Bartha M. Knoppers, Mark Phillips & Adrian Thorogood
Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Corbin D. Jones
Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
David T. W. Jones, Marcel Kool & Stefan M. Pfister
Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
David T. W. Jones
Cancer Research UK, London, UK
Nic Jones & David Scott
Indivumed GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
Hartmut Juhl
Genome Integration Data Center, Syntekabio, Inc, Daejeon, South Korea
Jongsun Jung
University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann & Gunnar Rätsch
Clinical Bioinformatics, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman
Institute for Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman
Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Abdullah Kahraman & Christian von Mering
MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Vera B. Kaiser & Colin A. Semple
Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Beth Karlan
Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Group, Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Rosa Karlić
Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Dennis Karsch & Michael Kneba
Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Karin S. Kassahn
Department of Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Hitoshi Katai
Department of Bioinformatics, Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Mamoru Kato, Hirofumi Rokutan & Mihoko Saito-Adachi
A.A. Kharkevich Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
Marat D. Kazanov
Oncology and Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Moscow, Russia
Marat D. Kazanov
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
Marat D. Kazanov
Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC, USA
Electron Kebebew
Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Electron Kebebew
Melanoma Institute Australia, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Richard F. Kefford
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Manolis Kellis
Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
James G. Kench & Richard A. Scolyer
Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Narong Khuntikeo
Controlled Department and Institution, New York, NY, USA
Ekta Khurana
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Ekta Khurana & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, South Korea
Hark Kyun Kim
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
Hyung-Lae Kim
Health Sciences Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Jihoon Kim
Research Core Center, National Cancer Centre Korea, Goyang-si, South Korea
Jong K. Kim
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Youngwook Kim
Samsung Genome Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Youngwook Kim
Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
Tari A. King
Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Tari A. King & Samuel Singer
Division of Breast Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Tari A. King
Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, USA
Leszek J. Klimczak
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Stian Knappskog & Ola Myklebost
Center For Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Youngil Koh
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Youngil Koh & Sung-Soo Yoon
Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsawa, Poland
Jan Komorowski
Functional and Structural Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Marcel Kool, Andrey Korshunov, Michael Koscher, Stefan M. Pfister & Qi Wang
Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Roelof Koster
Institute for Medical Informatics Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Markus Kreuz & Markus Loeffler
Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Savitri Krishnamurthy
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-Augusts-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Dieter Kube & Lorenz H. P. Trümper
Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Ralf Küppers
King’s College London and Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Jesper Lagergren
Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Peter W. Laird
The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
Sunil R. Lakhani & Peter T. Simpson
Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Pablo Landgraf
University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Pablo Landgraf & Guido Reifenberger
Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
Denis Larsimont
Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Erik Larsson
Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Loretta M. S. Lau & Hilda A. Pickett
ILSbio, LLC Biobank, Chestertown, MD, USA
Xuan Le
Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Eunjung Alice Lee
Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
Jeong-Yeon Lee
Department of Statistics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Juhee Lee
National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Ming Ta Michael Lee
Department of Vertebrate Genomics/Otto Warburg Laboratory Gene Regulation and Systems Biology of Cancer, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
Hans Lehrach, Hans-Jörg Warnatz & Marie-Laure Yaspo
McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
Louis Letourneau
biobyte solutions GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Ivica Letunic
Gynecologic Oncology, NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Douglas A. Levine
Division of Oncology, Stem Cell Biology Section, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Tim Ley
Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Han Liang
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ziao Lin
Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
W. M. Linehan
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ole Christian Lingjærde & Torill Sauer
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Fei-Fei Fei Liu, Quaid D. Morris, Ruian Shi, Shankar Vembu & Fan Yang
Peking University, Beijing, China
Fenglin Liu, Fan Zhang, Liangtao Zheng & Xiuqing Zheng
School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Fenglin Liu
Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, McLean, VA, USA
Jia Liu
Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Armando Lopez-Guillermo
Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
Yong-Jie Lu & Hongwei Zhang
Chinese Cancer Genome Consortium, Shenzhen, China
Youyong Lu
Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
Youyong Lu
Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
Youyong Lu & Rui Xing
School of Medicine/School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St, Andrews, Fife, UK
Andy G. Lynch
Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
Lisa Lype, Sheila M. Reynolds & Ilya Shmulevich
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Institute of Oncology-IUOPA, Oviedo, Spain
Carlos López-Otín & Xose S. Puente
Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
Gaetan MacGrogan
Cancer Unit, MRC University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Shona MacRae
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Dennis T. Maglinte
John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Graham J. Mann
MVZ Department of Oncology, PraxisClinic am Johannisplatz, Leipzig, Germany
Luisa Mantovani-Löffler
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kathleen Marchal & Sergio Pulido-Tamayo
Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kathleen Marchal, Sergio Pulido-Tamayo & Lieven P. C. Verbeke
Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Elaine R. Mardis
Computational Biology Program, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Adam A. Margolin & Adam J. Struck
Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Jeffrey Marks
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Tomas Marques-Bonet, Jose I. Martin-Subero, Arcadi Navarro, David Torrents & Alfonso Valencia
Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Tomas Marques-Bonet
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Sancha Martin & Ke Yuan
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Jose I. Martin-Subero
Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
R. Jay Mashl
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, INY, UK
Erik Mayer
Applications Department, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford, UK
Simon Mayes & Daniel J. Turner
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Services, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Karen McCune & Karen Smith-McCune
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
John D. McPherson
STTARR Innovation Facility, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Alice Meng
Discipline of Surgery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Neil D. Merrett
Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
William Meyerson
Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Piotr A. Mieczkowski, Joel S. Parker, Charles M. Perou, Donghui Tan, Umadevi Veluvolu & Matthew D. Wilkerson
Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
Tom Mikkelsen
Precision Oncology, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Gordon B. Mills
Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Sarah Minner, Guido Sauter & Ronald Simon
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Shinichi Mizuno
Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Heidelberg, Germany
Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor
Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Carl Morrison, Karin A. Oien, Chawalit Pairojkul, Paul M. Waring & Marc J. van de Vijver
Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
Carl Morrison
Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ville Mustonen
Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ville Mustonen
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ville Mustonen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
David Mutch
Penrose St. Francis Health Services, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
Jerome Myers
Institute of Pathology, Ulm University and University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Peter Möller
National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Hitoshi Nakagama
Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Tannistha Nandi & Patrick Tan
32Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Fabio C. P. Navarro
German Cancer Aid, Bonn, Germany
Gerd Nettekoven & Laura Planko
Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Alvin Wei Tian Ng
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
Anthony Ng
Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
Yongzhan Nie
The University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
Serena Nik-Zainal
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
Paul A. Northcott
University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Faiyaz Notta & Ming Tsao
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Brian D. O’Connor
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Peter O’Donnell
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Brian Patrick O’Neill
Cambridge Oesophagogastric Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
J. Robert O’Neill
Department of Computer Science, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
Layla Oesper
Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Karin A. Oien
Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Akinyemi I. Ojesina
HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
Akinyemi I. Ojesina
O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Akinyemi I. Ojesina
Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Hidenori Ojima
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Takuji Okusaka
Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, USA
Larsson Omberg
Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
Choon Kiat Ong
Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
German Ott
Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
B. F. Francis Ouellette
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Qiang Pan-Hammarström
Center for Liver Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, South Korea
Joong-Won Park
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Keunchil Park
Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Keunchil Park
Cheonan Industry-Academic Collaboration Foundation, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, South Korea
Kiejung Park
NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Harvey Pass
Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Nathan A. Pennell
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Marc D. Perry
Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Gloria M. Petersen
Helen F. Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health Systems, Newark, DE, USA
Nicholas Petrelli
Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Stefan M. Pfister
CSRA Incorporated, Fairfax, VA, USA
Todd D. Pihl
Research Department of Pathology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Nischalan Pillay
Department of Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s Health Partners AHSC, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
Sarah Pinder
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Andreia V. Pinho
University Hospital of Minjoz, INSERM UMR 1098, Besançon, France
Xavier Pivot
Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
Tirso Pons
Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
Irinel Popescu
Cureline, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
Olga Potapova
St. Luke’s Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
Shaun R. Preston
Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
Elena Provenzano
East of Scotland Breast Service, Ninewells Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
Colin A. Purdie
Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, IRSJD, IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
Raquel Rabionet
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Janet S. Rader
Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Suresh Ramalingam
Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Benjamin J. Raphael & Matthew A. Reyna
Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
W. Kimryn Rathmell
Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Matthew Ringel
Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
Yasushi Rino
Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
Karsten Rippe
Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jeffrey Roach
School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Steven A. Roberts
Finsen Laboratory and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
F. Germán Rodríguez-González, Nikos Sidiropoulos & Joachim Weischenfeldt
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Michael H. A. Roehrl & Stefano Serra
Department of Pathology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Michael H. A. Roehrl
University Hospital Giessen, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Giessen, Germany
Marius Rohde
Oncologie Sénologie, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, France
Gilles Romieu
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
Philip C. Rosenstiel & Markus B. Schilhabel
Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Andreas Rosenwald
Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
Edward W. Rowe
SingHealth, Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Steven G. Rozen, Patrick Tan & Bin Tean Teh
Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Yulia Rubanova, Jared T. Simpson & Jeffrey A. Wintersinger
Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Mark A. Rubin
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Pathology and Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Mark A. Rubin
Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology: VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
Carlota Rubio-Perez
General and Hepatobiliary-Biliary Surgery, Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
Andrea Ruzzenente
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
S. Cenk Sahinalp
Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
Roberto Salgado
Analytical Biological Services, Inc, Wilmington, DE, USA
Charles Saller
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jaswinder S. Samra & Richard A. Scolyer
cBio Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Chris Sander & Ciyue Shen
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Chris Sander & Ciyue Shen
Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Rajiv Sarin
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
Christopher J. Scarlett
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
Dirk Schadendorf
Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Matthias Schlesner
Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Thorsten Schlomm & Joachim Weischenfeldt
Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Thorsten Schlomm
Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Stefan Schreiber
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Roland F. Schwarz
Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Ralph Scully
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Raja Seethala
Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Ayellet V. Segre
Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
Subhajit Sengupta
Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
Hui Shen & Wanding Zhou
Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Tatsuhiro Shibata, Hirokazu Taniguchi & Tomoko Urushidate
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
Kiyo Shimizu & Takashi Yugawa
Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Seung Jun Shin & Stefan G. Stark
Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
Craig Shriver
Human Genetics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Reiner Siebert
Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Sabina Signoretti
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Jaclyn Smith
Center for RNA Interference and Noncoding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Anil K. Sood
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Anil K. Sood
Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Anil K. Sood
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
Sharmila Sothi
Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
Paul N. Span
Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Jonathan Spring
Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, St.-Antonius-Hospital, Eschweiler, Germany
Peter Staib
Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Stefan G. Stark
University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Ólafur Andri Stefánsson
Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Oliver Stegle
Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
Alasdair Stenhouse & Alastair M. Thompson
Department for Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm and University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Stephan Stilgenbauer
Institut Curie, INSERM Unit 830, Paris, France
Henk G. Stunnenberg & Anne Vincent-Salomon
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
Akihiro Suzuki
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
Fred Sweep
Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Holger Sültmann
Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Benita Kiat Tee Tan
Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Patrick Tan & Bin Tean Teh
Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Tomas J. Tanskanen
East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Patrick Tarpey
Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Simon Tavaré
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
Bin Tean Teh
Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Science, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Bin Tean Teh
Universite Lyon, INCa-Synergie, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
Gilles Thomas
Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
R. Houston Thompson
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital - Stanmore, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
Roberto Tirabosco
Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Marta Tojo
Giovanni Paolo II / I.R.C.C.S. Cancer Institute, Bari, BA, Italy
Stefania Tommasi
Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Umut H. Toprak
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy, Rome, Italy
Giampaolo Tortora
University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Giampaolo Tortora
Centre National de Génotypage, CEA - Institute de Génomique, Evry, France
Jörg Tost
CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, ER, The Netherlands
David Townend
Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
Isabelle Treilleux
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
Isabelle Treilleux
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), JST, Tokyo, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
Cancer Ageing and Somatic Mutation Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
Jose M. C. Tubio
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Olga Tucker
Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
Richard Turkington
Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Naoto T. Ueno
Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Christopher Umbricht
Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Husen M. Umer
School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Timothy J. Underwood
Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
Liis Uusküla-Reimand
Genetics and Genome Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Liis Uusküla-Reimand
Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Erwin G. Van Meir
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Miguel Vazquez
Argmix Consulting, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
Shankar Vembu
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (IMEC), Ghent, Belgium
Lieven P. C. Verbeke
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Clare Verrill
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, Riga, LV, Latvia
Juris Viksna
Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ricardo E. Vilain
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Ignacio Vázquez-García
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Ignacio Vázquez-García & Venkata D. Yellapantula
Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Ignacio Vázquez-García
Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Claes Wadelius
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Jiayin Wang & Kai Ye
Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Anne Y. Warren
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
David C. Wedge
Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
Paul Weinberger
Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
Ian Welch
Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO, USA
Michael C. Wendl
Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany
Johannes Werner
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Justin P. Whalley
Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
David A. Wheeler
Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Dennis Wigle
Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Richard K. Wilson
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Boris Winterhoff
International Institute for Molecular Oncology, Poznań, Poland
Maciej Wiznerowicz
Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Maciej Wiznerowicz
Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility High Throughput Sequencing Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Stephan Wolf
NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Bernice H. Wong
Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Winghing Wong
MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
Derek W. Wright
Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Guanming Wu
School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Tian Xia
Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Yanxun Xu
Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Shinichi Yachida
Institute of Computer Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Sergei Yakneen
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jean Y. Yang
Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Lixing Yang
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Lixing Yang
Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Xiaotong Yao
The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Kai Ye
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
Jun Yu
Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Kaixian Yu & Hongtu Zhu
Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Willie Yu
Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Yingyan Yu
School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Ke Yuan
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Olga Zaikova
Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Nikolajs Zeps
Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, VIC, Australia
Nikolajs Zeps
Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Cheng-Zhong Zhang
Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Yan Zhang
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC – James), Columbus, OH, USA
Yan Zhang
The University of Texas School of Biomedical Informatics (SBMI) at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Zhongming Zhao
Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Hongtu Zhu
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Lihua Zou
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Anna deFazio
Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, GD, The Netherlands
Carolien H. M. van Deurzen
Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, CX, The Netherlands
L. van’t Veer
Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Christian von Mering

Authors

Shimin Shuai
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Steven Gallinger
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Lincoln D. Stein
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Consortia

PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group

Federico Abascal
, Samirkumar B. Amin
, Gary D. Bader
, Pratiti Bandopadhayay
, Jonathan Barenboim
, Rameen Beroukhim
, Johanna Bertl
, Keith A. Boroevich
, Søren Brunak
, Peter J. Campbell
, Joana Carlevaro-Fita
, Dimple Chakravarty
, Calvin Wing Yiu Chan
, Ken Chen
, Jung Kyoon Choi
, Jordi Deu-Pons
, Priyanka Dhingra
, Klev Diamanti
, Lars Feuerbach
, J. Lynn Fink
, Nuno A. Fonseca
, Joan Frigola
, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
, Dale W. Garsed
, Mark Gerstein
, Gad Getz
, Qianyun Guo
, Ivo G. Gut
, David Haan
, Mark P. Hamilton
, Nicholas J. Haradhvala
, Arif O. Harmanci
, Mohamed Helmy
, Carl Herrmann
, Julian M. Hess
, Asger Hobolth
, Ermin Hodzic
, Chen Hong
, Henrik Hornshøj
, Keren Isaev
, Jose M. G. Izarzugaza
, Rory Johnson
, Todd A. Johnson
, Malene Juul
, Randi Istrup Juul
, Andre Kahles
, Abdullah Kahraman
, Manolis Kellis
, Ekta Khurana
, Jaegil Kim
, Jong K. Kim
, Youngwook Kim
, Jan Komorowski
, Jan O. Korbel
, Sushant Kumar
, Andrés Lanzós
, Erik Larsson
, Michael S. Lawrence
, Donghoon Lee
, Kjong-Van Lehmann
, Shantao Li
, Xiaotong Li
, Ziao Lin
, Eric Minwei Liu
, Lucas Lochovsky
, Shaoke Lou
, Tobias Madsen
, Kathleen Marchal
, Iñigo Martincorena
, Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
, Yosef E. Maruvka
, Patrick D. McGillivray
, William Meyerson
, Ferran Muiños
, Loris Mularoni
, Hidewaki Nakagawa
, Morten Muhlig Nielsen
, Marta Paczkowska
, Keunchil Park
, Kiejung Park
, Jakob Skou Pedersen
, Tirso Pons
, Sergio Pulido-Tamayo
, Benjamin J. Raphael
, Jüri Reimand
, Iker Reyes-Salazar
, Matthew A. Reyna
, Esther Rheinbay
, Mark A. Rubin
, Carlota Rubio-Perez
, S. Cenk Sahinalp
, Gordon Saksena
, Leonidas Salichos
, Chris Sander
, Steven E. Schumacher
, Mark Shackleton
, Ofer Shapira
, Ciyue Shen
, Raunak Shrestha
, Shimin Shuai
, Nikos Sidiropoulos
, Lina Sieverling
, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
, Lincoln D. Stein
, Joshua M. Stuart
, David Tamborero
, Grace Tiao
, Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
, Husen M. Umer
, Liis Uusküla-Reimand
, Alfonso Valencia
, Miguel Vazquez
, Lieven P. C. Verbeke
, Claes Wadelius
, Lina Wadi
, Jiayin Wang
, Jonathan Warrell
, Sebastian M. Waszak
, Joachim Weischenfeldt
, David A. Wheeler
, Guanming Wu
, Jun Yu
, Jing Zhang
, Xuanping Zhang
, Yan Zhang
, Zhongming Zhao
, Lihua Zou
& Christian von Mering

PCAWG Consortium

Lauri A. Aaltonen
, Federico Abascal
, Adam Abeshouse
, Hiroyuki Aburatani
, David J. Adams
, Nishant Agrawal
, Keun Soo Ahn
, Sung-Min Ahn
, Hiroshi Aikata
, Rehan Akbani
, Kadir C. Akdemir
, Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
, Sultan T. Al-Sedairy
, Fatima Al-Shahrour
, Malik Alawi
, Monique Albert
, Kenneth Aldape
, Ludmil B. Alexandrov
, Adrian Ally
, Kathryn Alsop
, Eva G. Alvarez
, Fernanda Amary
, Samirkumar B. Amin
, Brice Aminou
, Ole Ammerpohl
, Matthew J. Anderson
, Yeng Ang
, Davide Antonello
, Pavana Anur
, Samuel Aparicio
, Elizabeth L. Appelbaum
, Yasuhito Arai
, Axel Aretz
, Koji Arihiro
, Shun-ichi Ariizumi
, Joshua Armenia
, Laurent Arnould
, Sylvia Asa
, Yassen Assenov
, Gurnit Atwal
, Sietse Aukema
, J. Todd Auman
, Miriam R. R. Aure
, Philip Awadalla
, Marta Aymerich
, Gary D. Bader
, Adrian Baez-Ortega
, Matthew H. Bailey
, Peter J. Bailey
, Miruna Balasundaram
, Saianand Balu
, Pratiti Bandopadhayay
, Rosamonde E. Banks
, Stefano Barbi
, Andrew P. Barbour
, Jonathan Barenboim
, Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
, Hugh Barr
, Elisabet Barrera
, John Bartlett
, Javier Bartolome
, Claudio Bassi
, Oliver F. Bathe
, Daniel Baumhoer
, Prashant Bavi
, Stephen B. Baylin
, Wojciech Bazant
, Duncan Beardsmore
, Timothy A. Beck
, Sam Behjati
, Andreas Behren
, Beifang Niu
, Cindy Bell
, Sergi Beltran
, Christopher Benz
, Andrew Berchuck
, Anke K. Bergmann
, Erik N. Bergstrom
, Benjamin P. Berman
, Daniel M. Berney
, Stephan H. Bernhart
, Rameen Beroukhim
, Mario Berrios
, Samantha Bersani
, Johanna Bertl
, Miguel Betancourt
, Vinayak Bhandari
, Shriram G. Bhosle
, Andrew V. Biankin
, Matthias Bieg
, Darell Bigner
, Hans Binder
, Ewan Birney
, Michael Birrer
, Nidhan K. Biswas
, Bodil Bjerkehagen
, Tom Bodenheimer
, Lori Boice
, Giada Bonizzato
, Johann S. De Bono
, Arnoud Boot
, Moiz S. Bootwalla
, Ake Borg
, Arndt Borkhardt
, Keith A. Boroevich
, Ivan Borozan
, Christoph Borst
, Marcus Bosenberg
, Mattia Bosio
, Jacqueline Boultwood
, Guillaume Bourque
, Paul C. Boutros
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, Cinzia Cantù
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, Ivana Cataldo
, Mario Cazzola
, Jonathan Cebon
, Robert Cerfolio
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, Dimple Chakravarty
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, Calvin Wing Yiu Chan
, Kin Chan
, Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue
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, Stephen J. Chanock
, Lorraine A. Chantrill
, Aurélien Chateigner
, Nilanjan Chatterjee
, Kazuaki Chayama
, Hsiao-Wei Chen
, Jieming Chen
, Ken Chen
, Yiwen Chen
, Zhaohong Chen
, Andrew D. Cherniack
, Jeremy Chien
, Yoke-Eng Chiew
, Suet-Feung Chin
, Juok Cho
, Sunghoon Cho
, Jung Kyoon Choi
, Wan Choi
, Christine Chomienne
, Zechen Chong
, Su Pin Choo
, Angela Chou
, Angelika N. Christ
, Elizabeth L. Christie
, Eric Chuah
, Carrie Cibulskis
, Kristian Cibulskis
, Sara Cingarlini
, Peter Clapham
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, Nicole Cloonan
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, Chad J. Creighton
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, Erin Curley
, Ioana Cutcutache
, Karolina Czajka
, Bogdan Czerniak
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, Ludmila Danilova
, Maria Vittoria Davi
, Natalie R. Davidson
, Helen Davies
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, Kevin J. Dawson
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, Olivier Delaneau
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, Jonas Demeulemeester
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, Deniz Demircioğlu
, Nening M. Dennis
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, Nikita Desai
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, Priyanka Dhingra
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, Anthony DiBiase
, Klev Diamanti
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, Andrew J. Dunford
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, Matthew Eldridge
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, Serap Erkek
, Georgia Escaramis
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, Dariush Etemadmoghadam
, Jorunn E. Eyfjord
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, Anja Füllgrabe
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, Levi Garraway
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, Tal Shmaya
, Ilya Shmulevich
, Solomon I. Shorser
, Charles Short
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, Nikos Sidiropoulos
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, Michele Simbolo
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, Lei Song
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, Oliver Spiro
, Jonathan Spring
, Johan Staaf
, Peter F. Stadler
, Peter Staib
, Stefan G. Stark
, Lucy Stebbings
, Ólafur Andri Stefánsson
, Oliver Stegle
, Lincoln D. Stein
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, Chip Stewart
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, Hong Su
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, Stephanie Sungalee
, Hana Susak
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, Hiroko Tanaka
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, Tomas J. Tanskanen
, Maxime Tarabichi
, Roy Tarnuzzer
, Patrick Tarpey
, Morgan L. Taschuk
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, Simon Tavaré
, Darrin F. Taylor
, Amaro Taylor-Weiner
, Jon W. Teague
, Bin Tean Teh
, Varsha Tembe
, Javier Temes
, Kevin Thai
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, Nina Thiessen
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, Alan Thompson
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, Heather Thorne
, Leigh B. Thorne
, Adrian Thorogood
, Grace Tiao
, Nebojsa Tijanic
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Contributions

S.S. and L.S. conceived the study and wrote the paper. S.S. designed the software and conducted the data analysis. L.S. and S.G. supervised the project. Input for driver region calls and driver candidates called by other methods were made available by the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group, where Mark Gerstein, Gad Getz, Michael S. Lawrence, Jakob Skou Pedersen, Benjamin J. Raphael, Joshua M. Stuart and David A. Wheeler were working group co-leaders.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shimin Shuai or Lincoln D. Stein.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Shuai, S., PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Working Group., Gallinger, S. et al. Combined burden and functional impact tests for cancer driver discovery using DriverPower. Nat Commun 11, 734 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13929-1

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Received: 21 November 2017
Accepted: 09 December 2019
Published: 05 February 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13929-1

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