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Relationship of household salt intake level with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80

Hypertension Research volume 43, pages 132–139 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

In Asian countries, a major source of salt intake is from seasoning or table salt added at home. However, little is known about the adverse effects of salt intake evaluated according to household unit. We investigated the relationship between household salt intake level and mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Participants included 8702 individuals (56% women) who were living with someone else and who were aged 30–79 years and enrolled in the National Nutritional Survey of Japan in 1980 with a 24-year follow-up. Household nutrient intake was evaluated using a 3-day weighing record method in which all foods and beverages consumed by any of the household members were recorded. The household salt intake level was defined as the amount of salt consumed (g) per 1000 kcal of total energy intake in each household, and its average was 6.25 (2.02) g/1000 kcal. During the follow-up, there were 2360 deaths (787 CVD, 168 coronary heart disease [CHD], and 361 stroke). Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for an increment of 2 g/1000 kcal in household salt intake were calculated and adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, self-reported work exertion level, household potassium intake, household saturated fatty acid intake, and household long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. The HRs (95% confidence intervals) were 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) for all-cause mortality, 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) for CVD, 1.25 (1.08, 1.44) for CHD, and 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) for stroke. The household salt intake level was significantly associated with long-term risk of all-cause, CVD, CHD, and stroke mortality in a representative Japanese population.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply indebted to public health centers that cooperated in this study and the staff members of the NIPPON DATA80 research group. We also thank Analisa Avila, ELS, of Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

For the NIPPON DATA80 Research Group

Hirotsugu Ueshima1,3, Akira Okayama9, Tomonori Okamura8, Shigeyuki Saitoh10, Kiyomi Sakata11, Atsushi Hozawa12, Takehito Hayakawa13, Yosikazu Nakamura14, Nobuo Nishi4, Nagako Okuda5, Takayoshi Ohkubo15, Fumiyoshi Kasagi16, Yoshitaka Murakami17, Toru Izumi18, Yasuhiro Matsumura19, Toshiyuki Ojima20, Koji Tamakoshi21, Hideaki Nakagawa22, Yoshikuni Kita23, Katsuyuki Miura1,3, Aya Kadota1, Akira Fujiyoshi7, Naomi Miyamatsu2, Yasuyuki Nakamura24, Katsushi Yoshita6, Yoshihiro Miyamoto25, Kazunori Kodama26 and Yutaka Kiyohara27

Funding

This study was supported by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, under the auspices of the Japanese Association for Cerebro-cardiovascular Disease Control; a Research Grant for Cardiovascular Diseases (7A-2) from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare; Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants, Japan (Comprehensive Research on Aging and Health) [H11-Chouju-046, H14-Chouju-003, H17-Chouju-012, H19-Chouju-Ippan-014]; and Comprehensive Research on Lifestyle Related Diseases, including Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus [H22-Junkankitou-Seishuu-Sitei-017, H25-Junkankitou-Seishuu-Sitei-022, H30-Junkankitou-Seishuu-Sitei-002]).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan

    Azusa Shima, Katsuyuki Miura, Aya Kadota, Keiko Kondo, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Katsuyuki Miura & Aya Kadota

  2. Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan

    Naomi Miyamatsu & Naomi Miyamatsu

  3. Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan

    Katsuyuki Miura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Hirotsugu Ueshima & Katsuyuki Miura

  4. International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan

    Naoko Miyagawa & Nobuo Nishi

  5. Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan

    Nagako Okuda & Nagako Okuda

  6. Department of Food and Human Health Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka, Japan

    Katsushi Yoshita & Katsushi Yoshita

  7. Department of Hygiene, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan

    Harumitsu Suzuki & Akira Fujiyoshi

  8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Tomonori Okamura & Tomonori Okamura

  9. Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan

    Akira Okayama & Akira Okayama

  10. School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Shigeyuki Saitoh

  11. Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan

    Kiyomi Sakata

  12. Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Atsushi Hozawa

  13. Kinugasa Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan

    Takehito Hayakawa

  14. Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

    Yosikazu Nakamura

  15. Department of Hygiene and Public Health Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Takayoshi Ohkubo

  16. Institute of Radiation Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Association, Tokyo, Japan

    Fumiyoshi Kasagi

  17. Department of Medical Statistics, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan

    Yoshitaka Murakami

  18. Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

    Toru Izumi

  19. Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

    Yasuhiro Matsumura

  20. Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan

    Toshiyuki Ojima

  21. Department of Public Health and Health Information Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    Koji Tamakoshi

  22. Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

    Hideaki Nakagawa

  23. Faculty of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan

    Yoshikuni Kita

  24. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

    Yasuyuki Nakamura

  25. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Yoshihiro Miyamoto

  26. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

    Kazunori Kodama

  27. Hisayama Research Institute for Lifestyle Diseases, Hisayama-cho, Fukuoka, Japan

    Yutaka Kiyohara

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  1. Azusa Shima
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  2. Naomi Miyamatsu
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  6. Katsushi Yoshita
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  7. Aya Kadota
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  8. Harumitsu Suzuki
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  10. Tomonori Okamura
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  11. Akira Okayama
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  12. Hirotsugu Ueshima
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Consortia

for the NIPPON DATA80 Research Group

  • Hirotsugu Ueshima
  • , Akira Okayama
  • , Tomonori Okamura
  • , Shigeyuki Saitoh
  • , Kiyomi Sakata
  • , Atsushi Hozawa
  • , Takehito Hayakawa
  • , Yosikazu Nakamura
  • , Nobuo Nishi
  • , Nagako Okuda
  • , Takayoshi Ohkubo
  • , Fumiyoshi Kasagi
  • , Yoshitaka Murakami
  • , Toru Izumi
  • , Yasuhiro Matsumura
  • , Toshiyuki Ojima
  • , Koji Tamakoshi
  • , Hideaki Nakagawa
  • , Yoshikuni Kita
  • , Katsuyuki Miura
  • , Aya Kadota
  • , Akira Fujiyoshi
  • , Naomi Miyamatsu
  • , Yasuyuki Nakamura
  • , Katsushi Yoshita
  • , Yoshihiro Miyamoto
  • , Kazunori Kodama
  •  & Yutaka Kiyohara

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katsuyuki Miura.

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Members of the NIPPON DATA80 Research Group are listed below Acknowledgement.

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Shima, A., Miyamatsu, N., Miura, K. et al. Relationship of household salt intake level with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80. Hypertens Res 43, 132–139 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0349-9

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