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In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a non-invasive test to assess obesity induced small fibre nerve damage and inflammation

Eye volume 37, pages 2226–2232 (2023)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate small nerve fibre damage and inflammation at the level of the sub-basal nerve plexus (SNP) of severe obese patients and compare the results with those of healthy subjects.

Methods

This cross-sectional, observational study investigated the data of 28 patients (14 out of 28 prediabetic or diabetic) with severe obesity (Body Mass Index; BMI ≥ 40) and 20 healthy subjects. Corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), fibre length (CNFL), nerve fibre area (CNFA), nerve fibre width (CNFW), and nerve fractal dimension (CNFrD) and dendritic cell (DC) density were evaluated using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM, Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III Rostock Cornea Module). Automatic CCMetrics software (University of Manchester, UK) was used for quantitative analysis of SNP.

Results

Mean age was 48.4±7.4 and 45.1 ± 5.8 in the control and obese group, respectively (p = 0.09). Mean BMI were 49.1 ± 7.8 vs. 23.3 ± 1.4 in obese vs. control group, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, CNFA, CNFW were significantly reduced in obese group compared with those in the control group (always p < 0.05, respectively). There were no significant differences in any ACCMetrics parameters between prediabetic/diabetic and non-diabetic obese patients. Increased DC densities were detected in obese group compared with those in control group (p < 0.0001). There were significant correlations between BMI scores and SNP parameters.

Conclusion

Imaging with IVCM is a feasible, non-invasive method to detect and quantify occult corneal nerve damage and increased inflammation in patients with obesity. This study suggests that obesity may be a separate risk factor for peripheral neuropathy regardless of DM.

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Fig. 1: Comparisons of corneal nerve fibre morphological parameters between subjects with obesity (group 1) and age-matched healthy control subjects (group 2).
Fig. 2: Comparing of the median dendritic cell densities of the severe obese group (group 1) and age-matched healthy control subjects (group 2).
Fig. 3: Examples of IVCM imaging of corneal SNP in a patient with severe obesity (a) and a healthy control subject (b).

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Abdulkadir Yuksel State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey

    Samet Gulkas

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Fahri Onur Aydin

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Semra Akkaya Turhan

  4. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Ayse Ebru Toker

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Contributions

SG, FOA, SAT and AET conceived, designed, and conducted the study. SG and FOA recruited participants and collated data. SG and SAT conducted data analysis. SG wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Samet Gulkas.

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Gulkas, S., Aydin, F.O., Turhan, S.A. et al. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a non-invasive test to assess obesity induced small fibre nerve damage and inflammation. Eye 37, 2226–2232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-022-02321-x

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