Gender authorship of articles in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus between 2002 and 2018

This study evaluated trends over time of women representation in authorship positions of academic publications in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (POS) to compare it to the increase in female authors reported in studies the field of ophthalmology [1, 2]. We selected the 10 highest ranked journals in ophthalmology categories (Table 1) according to their impact factor (IF) and quartile (Q) ranking, listed by the Journal Citation Reports (2018). We collected all articles published on POS from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2018. We utilized the Baby Name Guesser software (available at: http://www.gpeters.com/names/baby-names.php). SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, ver. 24, IBM corp., Armonk, NY, USA, 2016) was used. All tests were two sided. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We used the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model for multivariate analysis of trends in various categories of variables significantly associated with author gender. We analysed 30,724 authors from 6617 published articles. Final analysis included 20,755 (67.6%) after excluding names with an uncertain author gender. Multivariate analysis of the independent variables revealed that all variables: the author’s position, the publication year, 10 selected ophthalmology journals, except the IF (p= 0.76) had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on the proportion of women authors. Women comprised 8,995 (43.3%) of the authors in all journals: 2,097 (45.7%) of first author positions, 5,377 (45.4%) middle, and 1,521 (35.2%) last (senior) authors. The percentage of women in first and middle positions was significantly higher than in the last position (p < 0.001). The percentage of women authors in each author’s position significantly increased over time from 37.7 to 47.1% (P < 0.001). We observed a significant increase in the percentage of women authors as the journal’s impact factor (IF) increased (P < 0.001). There was a significant rise over time (P < 0.001) in the percentage of women authors in American and European journals, with a steeper slope for American journals and Eye (44.5%) than for the other European journals (41.9%) (Fig. 1). We found a significant difference in the percentage of women authors between journals rated as Q1 or Q2 (42.2%), Q3 or Q4 (45.2%), and unrated journals (44.7%) (P= 0.002). Our results indicate a rise in the number of women authors in the field of POS from 2002 to 2018. However, women are still underrepresented in the senior investigator position in comparison with their male counterparts. Furthermore, the increase was less evident in higher ranking journals. An encouraging finding, however, was the fact that female pediatric ophthalmologist authorship increased over time more than in general ophthalmology [1, 2]. In addition, despite an overall increase in the contribution of women to the field of POS, the increase was significant in all American journals; it was not significant in most leading European journals perhaps due to conservative cultural views of women’s roles in European society [3]. These authors contributed equally: M Eedy, W-J Tamara


To the Editor:
This study evaluated trends over time of women representation in authorship positions of academic publications in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (POS) to compare it to the increase in female authors reported in studies the field of ophthalmology [1,2].
We selected the 10 highest ranked journals in ophthalmology categories (Table 1) according to their impact factor (IF) and quartile (Q) ranking, listed by the Journal Citation Reports (2018). We collected all articles published on POS from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2018.
We utilized the Baby Name Guesser software (available at: http://www.gpeters.com/names/baby-names.php). SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, ver. 24, IBM corp., Armonk, NY, USA, 2016) was used. All tests were two sided. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We used the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model for multivariate analysis of trends in various categories of variables significantly associated with author gender.
We analysed 30,724 authors from 6617 published articles. Final analysis included 20,755 (67.6%) after excluding names with an uncertain author gender. Multivariate analysis of the independent variables revealed that all variables: the author's position, the publication year, 10 selected ophthalmology journals, except the IF (p = 0.76) had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on the proportion of women authors.
Women comprised 8,995 (43.3%) of the authors in all journals: 2,097 (45.7%) of first author positions, 5,377 (45.4%) middle, and 1,521 (35.2%) last (senior) authors. The percentage of women in first and middle positions was significantly higher than in the last position (p < 0.001).
The percentage of women authors in each author's position significantly increased over time from 37.7 to 47.1% (P < 0.001). We observed a significant increase in the percentage of women authors as the journal's impact factor (IF) increased (P < 0.001).
There was a significant rise over time (P < 0.001) in the percentage of women authors in American and European journals, with a steeper slope for American journals and Eye (44.5%) than for the other European journals (41.9%) (Fig. 1).
Our results indicate a rise in the number of women authors in the field of POS from 2002 to 2018. However, women are still underrepresented in the senior investigator position in comparison with their male counterparts. Furthermore, the increase was less evident in higher ranking journals. An encouraging finding, however, was the fact that female pediatric ophthalmologist authorship increased over time more than in general ophthalmology [1,2]. In addition, despite an overall increase in the contribution of women to the field of POS, the increase was significant in all American journals; it was not significant in most leading European journals perhaps due to conservative cultural views of women's roles in European society [3].
There is still a need to increase the participation of women in POS scientific publications, especially as leading authors, in better ranked publications, and in European scientific journals.
Author contributions EB was responsible for acquiring the data, interpreting results, and drafting the manuscript. RS and MO acquired the data. EM was responsible for conceiving and designing the work, interpreting the results, drafting the manuscript approving the final version and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. TW-J was responsible for designing the work, drafting the manuscript, approved the final version.

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