Introduction

Currently, diabetic retinopathy is one of the major causes of legal blindness among the working-age people in developed countries [1, 2]. Early panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) may prevent or delay visual loss from advanced complications of diabetic retinopathy [3,4,5]. However, despite timely PRP, in a substantial number of cases, diabetic retinopathy will progress to stages requiring vitrectomy. The 5-year cumulative rate of pars plana vitrectomy in ETDRS patients with timely scatter photocoagulation (PRP) was 5.3% [6]. Non-resolving vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (TRD) historically have been two major indications for pars plana vitrectomy in diabetic patients [7]. The results of surgical management of macula-off TRD depend on many factors, such as duration of macular detachment, timing of surgery, and extent of macular ischemia [8,9,10].

The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) into clinical practice has contributed significantly to revealing subtle changes in the macular structure after vitrectomy for various retinal pathologies [11,12,13,14,15]. Many studies have addressed issues of persistent submacular fluid after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment detectable by OCT examination [16,17,18,19,20]. Recently, three clinical cases of delayed, gradual recovery of central vision associated with slow resolution of the subfoveolar fluid after vitrectomy for diabetic tractional macular detachment were described [21]. We did not identify any other references to persistent subretinal fluid after vitrectomy surgery for diabetic tractional detachment with macular involvement using the PubMed database.

The purpose of this study was to analyze prevalence of residual subfoveal fluid (RSF) after pars plana vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by tractional detachment of the macula and the effect of RSF on postoperative visual outcomes.

Materials and methods

In this prospective observational case study, OCT records of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macula-off TRD, who underwent pars plana vitrectomy were analyzed. The foveal detachment was confirmed by a preoperative OCT scan of the macula. The study included only the eyes that showed successful anatomical results and completed a 12-month follow-up period with OCT examinations. No eye had a history of anti-VEGF injection at least 1 year prior to surgery. Based on the medical history with/without consecutive OCT scans, we divided the macular detachment into acute (ā‰¤1 month duration) and chronic (>1 month). OCT examinations were performed on the spectral domain Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) over at least 6-week intervals. The following two protocols were used: the Macular cube 512ā€‰Ć—ā€‰128 with retinal thickness measurement in 9 zones and a 5-line HD raster examination.

The surgical technique

A 23-gauge microinvasive vitrectomy was performed in all cases. When a combined surgery was planned, phacoemulsification of the cataract with the implantation of the IOL was conducted at the beginning of the surgery. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed using the Accurus 800CS or Constellation surgical systems (Alcon, Forth Worth, Tex., USA) and BIOM 4ā€‰m wide-angle posterior segment visualization system (Oculus, Germany). In most cases, preretinal membranes were removed with a vitreous cutter, and microscissors rarely used. Internal drainage of the subretinal fluid (SRF) was carried out if a preexisting or iatrogenic retinal tear was observed intraoperatively. Drainage was usually performed at the top of the detachment away from the macula and major vascular arcades using a 23-gauge active aspiration. In the presence of epiretinal membranes with a high risk of postoperative re-proliferation, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling was carried out after staining with brilliant blue G dye (BBG) using disposable ILM forceps (Alcon, USA). For silicone oil tamponade, 1000 centistoke silicone oil was used. For gas tamponade, a non-expansile concentration of 14% C3F8 was used.

Statistical analysis

The obtained data were processed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). For statistical analysis, BCVA was converted from decimal values into LogMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) values. The quantitative values are presented as the meanĀ±standard deviation. The Mannā€“Whitney U-test was used to compare the time of complete resorption of the RSF among different groups. The Friedman test was used for testing the differences among the measures taken during the visits. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether preoperative or intraoperative factors were significant predictors of long-standing RSF. Long-standing RSF is non-resolving RSF at >6 months. The adjusted odds ratios and p-values for the tests of significance of coefficients were obtained for each variable in the multivariate analysis.

This study was approved by the Scientific Council of the Z. Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Center. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Results

Between July 2012 and December 2015, 24 eyes of 23 patients (10 males, 13 females) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by macula-off TRD underwent pars plana vitrectomy in the Department of Diabetic Eye Disease at the Zarifa Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Centre (Baku, Azerbaijan) with a mean follow-up of 16.70ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.07 months (range, 12ā€“26 months). The mean age of the patients was 52.78ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.9 years (range, 26ā€“63 years). 2 patients (8.7%) had type 1 diabetes and 21 patients (91.3%)- type 2 diabetes. The duration of diabetes was 14.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰5.1 years (range, 4ā€“22 years). The preoperative data and surgical details are presented in TableĀ 1.

Table 1 Preoperative data and details of surgical interventions
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Intraoperative drainage of the subretinal fluid was performed through a drainage retinotomy in 13 (54.2%) eyes outside the major vascular arcades by active aspiration. However, despite all efforts, the subretinal fluid was difficult to completely remove due to its thick, viscous consistency.

Anatomical results

Of 13 eyes with silicone oil tamponade, the silicone oil was removed without complications in all eyes. The mean duration for silicone oil removal was 9.20ā€‰Ā±ā€‰6.65 months (range, 2ā€“19 months).

The preoperative macular SRF height was noted as 361.56ā€‰Ā±ā€‰239.27ā€‰Ī¼m (range, 112ā€“900ā€‰Ī¼m). The central foveal thickness (CFT) before surgery was 692.89ā€‰Ā±ā€‰265.18ā€‰Ī¼m (range, 290ā€“1200ā€‰Ī¼m). The residual RSF was detected by OCT examination in all eyes after surgery. The height of the RSF on the first postoperative OCT scan was 234.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰135.33ā€‰Ī¼m (range, 74ā€“574ā€‰Ī¼m). The RSF level diminished with time and eventually resolved in all eyes without any additional intervention (Fig.Ā 1). The mean RSF resorption time was 7.78ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.49 months after vitrectomy (range, 3ā€“19 months, median 7.50 months). During the follow-up period from months 1 to 12, the RSF decreased significantly (pā€‰<ā€‰0.001, Friedman test) (TableĀ 2). The prevalence of RSF on OCT examination was 100% at 1 and 2 months, 91.7% at 3 months, 70.8% at 6 months, 25.0% at 9 months and 4.2% at 12 months after surgery. The rate of complete resorption of RSF differed between the various groups (TableĀ 3).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The right eye of patient J., 55-year-old male with chronic macular detachment and asteroid hyalosis. OCT scans preoperatively, at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, and 10 months after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection (removed 9 months after surgery). SRF shows gradual absorption

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Table 2 Postoperative variations in BCVA, RSF and central foveal thickness (CFT)
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Table 3 Mean RSF resorption time in different groups
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Analysis of individual and multiple factors in logistic regression analysis revealed that significant risk factor predictive for long-standing RSF is non-drainage of SRF (Bā€‰=ā€‰2.62, odds ratioā€‰=ā€‰13.74, pā€‰=ā€‰0.04). Other risk factors are non-significant and not reported in this article.

Functional results and their association with SRF resolution time

The mean logMAR visual acuity improved from a preoperative value of 1.53ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.70 to 1.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.63 at 6 months and showed further improvement to 0.94ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.65 at 1 year (pā€‰=ā€‰0.005, Friedman test).

Discussion

Tractional macular detachment remains one of the severe complications of PDR, and, even with successful surgery, visual recovery is often slow and may even take 1 year [10, 22]. OCT imaging of the macular area can provide considerable help in explaining the mechanisms behind delayed functional recovery. Persistent Ā«blebsĀ», or Ā«cleftsĀ» of SRF can be seen after macroscopically successful surgery for retinal detachment, including scleral buckling surgery [16]. The incidence of residual submacular fluid on the first postoperative OCT scan (4ā€“6 weeks after surgery) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, according to various authors, varies from 15 to 90% [13, 16,17,18]. The origin of persistent SRF in these cases is not fully understood. It has been suggested that the fluid may be of exudative origin or represent choroidal leakage [17, 23]. However, most authors have concluded that the chronic course of detachment is a predisposing factor that leads to changes in viscosity, protein composition and cellularity of the SRF, which slows fluid absorption [16, 24]. Tee et al. [16], in comparing SRF absorption rates after RD surgery in patients with atrophic and tractional tears, discovered that chronic detachments associated with atrophic tears required a three times greater period for SRF resorption when compared with acute detachments associated with tractional tears [16].

Barzideh and Johnson [21] described the presence of subfoveolar fluid in three patients after surgery for diabetic tractional macular detachment. In all three cases, resorption of the subretinal fluid occurred gradually with complete resorption occurring within half a year, and the fluorescein angiography failed to show the presence of an exudative component. The authors also observed an association between the persistence of SRF and delayed visual recovery.

This study is the first systematic analysis of RSF resorption in the macular area based on SD-OCT examination after vitrectomy for macula-off TRD. Our findings suggest that delayed RSF resorption is a common characteristic in clinically successful vitrectomy surgery for macula-off TRD. Such a common feature of persistent RSF after TRD surgery may be associated with the chronic nature of fluid in TRD. Although we arbitrarily divided eyes into Ā«acuteĀ» (up to one month) and Ā«chronicĀ» macular TRD, we were unable to identify a significant difference in the RSF resorption times between these groups. It should be mentioned that the so-called Ā«acuteĀ» tractional detachments of the macula are, in fact, progression of the asymptomatic chronic peripheral detachment to the macular area with the emergence of acute symptoms, which, on the whole, does not change the chronic character of the SRF.

Controversial attitudes exist among authors regarding the drainage of the SRF during vitrectomy surgery. Veckeneer et al. [25], suggesting that long-standing SRF can lead to irreversible changes in the photoreceptor layer of the retina, recommended subretinal lavage during vitrectomy in chronic rhegmatogenous retinal detachments to prevent persistent SRF. In contrary, Meredith et al. [26] described the technique of membrane segmentation in patients with TRD in PDR and indicated that there was no need to drain the SRF, since with the elimination of all epiretinal traction the retina would reattach spontaneously. A similar opinion is supported by some modern authors [27, 28]. The patients in our series underwent intraoperative drainage of the SRF with active aspiration, although the resorption time was somewhat reduced (6.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.85 and 9.09ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1.06 months, drained and non-drained cases, respectively). Here we suggest that a small number of cases in these groups did not have the power to avoid false-negative errors. In addition, we found that a significant risk factor predictive for long-standing RSF at 6 months is non-drainage of the SRF (pā€‰=ā€‰0.040). It should also be emphasized that we did not plan intraoperative drainage in our patients in advance, and this was done only if intraoperative breaks (preexisting or iatrogenic) were found. As visible from the figures above, the prolonged SRF resorption was held despite intraoperative drainage, as drainage was not complete due to the thick, viscous nature of SRF. We did not perform subretinal lavage of fluid with BSS, as recommended by Veckeneer [25], as we did not consider it safe for diabetic retina with abnormal retinal outer layers.

We used silicone oil in 13 cases (54.2%) and gas in 11 cases (45.8%) as an endotamponade at the end of surgery. Long-lasting tamponading agents, such as silicone oil or perfluoropropane, were used when intraoperative breaks were found and internal drainage of SRF was performed. An interesting finding in our study was faster reabsorption of SRF in eyes that underwent silicone oil tamponade, that can be probably related to the fact that the silicone oil was a preferred choice of endotamponade in cases with intraoperative breaks and internal drainage.

Our study has several limitations, including the absence of randomization and small sample size, not sufficiently powered to detect significant relationship with some tests. Further studies in larger patient samples are needed to validate our findings and to study the implications in the pathogenesis of RSF and treatment of patients with chronic TRD.

In summary, we have shown that persistent RSF is detectable by OCT after successful surgery for TRD due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Internal drainage of SRF with active aspiration, although it hastens fluid resorption only partially, can be attempted when intraoperative breaks are found. In all cases the fluid reabsorbed spontaneously, and this was associated with improving visual acuity.

Summary

What was known before

  • Persistent subretinal fluid as a frequent OCT finding after vitreoretinal surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

  • Slow visual rehabilitation after vitrectomy for PDR. Few cases of slow subretinal fluid absorption after diabetic vitrectomy.

What this study adds

  • Persistent residual subfoveal fluid is a common OCT finding after vitrectomy in macula-off diabetic tractional retinal detachment.

  • Internal drainage of subretinal fluid can be attempted if intraoperative breaks are found or if faster recovery is required.