Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Special Feature: Review Article
  • Published:

Androgen receptor antagonists produced by Streptomyces overcome resistance to enzalutamide

The Journal of Antibiotics volume 74, pages 706–716 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men in Western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a major driver of PC; therefore, androgen deprivation by medical and surgical castration is the standard treatment for patients with PC. However, over time, most patients will progress to metastatic castration-resistant PC. Enzalutamide is the only AR antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PC. However, resistance to enzalutamide also develops in most patients with castration-resistant PC. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new AR antagonists with new structures. For this purpose, we conducted both in silico and natural product screenings. From the in silico screening, we obtained T5853872 and more potent compound, STK765173. From the natural product screening, the novel compound arabilin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. MK756-CF1. Unlike STK765173, arabilin could overcome resistance to enzalutamide. Furthermore, we also extracted a novel compound, antarlide A, and its geometric isomers from Streptomyces sp. BB47. Antarlides A–F have novel 22-membered-ring macrocyclic structures, while antarlides G and H have 20-membered-ring structures. Both antarlides B and G showed potent AR antagonist activity in prostate cancer cells and could overcome resistance to enzalutamide.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fujita K, Nonomura N. Role of androgen receptor in prostate cancer: a review. World J Mens Health. 2019;37:288–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Heinlein CA, Chang C. Androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:276–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Grasso CS, Wu YM, Robinson DR, Cao X, Dhanasekaran SM, Khan AP, et al. The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature. 2012;487:239–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Teo MY, Rathkopf DE, Kantoff P. Treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2019;70:479–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gao W, Dalton JT. Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Drug Disco Today. 2007;12:241–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gao W, Bohl CE, Dalton JT. Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor. Chem Rev. 2005;105:3352–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Murakoshi M, Ikeda R, Fukui N. The effects of chlormadinone acetate (CMA), antiandrogen, on the pituitary, testis, prostate and adrenal gland of the dog with spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Toxicol Sci. 2001;26:119–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Taplin ME, Rajeshkumar B, Halabi S, Werner CP, Woda BA, Picus J, et al. Androgen receptor mutations in androgen-independent prostate cancer: cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9663. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2673–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, Chen Y, Watson PA, Arora V, et al. Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science. 2009;324:787–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ning YM, Pierce W, Maher VE, Karuri S, Tang SH, Chiu HJ, et al. Enzalutamide for treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have previously received docetaxel: U.S. Food and Drug Administration drug approval summary. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:6067–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Claessens F, Helsen C, Prekovic S, Van den Broeck T, Spans L, Van Poppel H, et al. Emerging mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11:712–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Watson PA, Arora VK, Sawyers CL. Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15:701–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S. Resistance emerges to second-generation antiandrogens in prostate cancer. Cancer Disco. 2013;3:971–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nagamine N, Sakakibara Y. Statistical prediction of protein chemical interactions based on chemical structure and mass spectrometry data. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:2004–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawamura T, Fujimaki T, Hamanaka N, Torii K, Kobayashi H, Takahashi Y, et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel androgen antagonist, arabilin, produced by Streptomyces sp. MK756-CF1. J Antibiot. 2010;63:601–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhu Z, Becklin RR, Desiderio DM, Dalton JT. Mass spectrometric characterization of the human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 2001;40:10756–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tetko IV, Gasteiger J, Todeschini R, Mauri A, Livingstone D, Ertl P, et al. Virtual computational chemistry laboratory-design and description. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 2005;19:453–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nagamine N, Shirakawa T, Minato Y, Torii K, Kobayashi H, Imoto M, et al. Integrating statistical predictions and experimental verifications for enhancing protein-chemical interaction predictions in virtual screening. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5:1000397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kurosawa K, Takahashi K, Tsuda E. SNF4435C and D, novel immunosuppressants produced by a strain of Streptomyces spectabilis. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities. J Antibiot. 2001;54:541–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lim HN, Parker KA. Total synthesis of the potent androgen receptor antagonist (-)-arabilin: a strategic, biomimetic [1,7]-hydrogen shift. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:20149–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Steketee K, Timmerman L, Ziel-van der Made AC, Doesburg P, Brinkmann AO, Trapman J. Broadened ligand responsiveness of androgen receptor mutants obtained by random amino acid substitution of H874 and mutation hot spot T877 in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2002;100:309–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bohl CE, Gao W, Miller DD, Bell CE, Dalton JT. Structural basis for antagonism and resistance of bicalutamide in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:6201–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Korpal M, Korn JM, Gao X, Rakiec DP, Ruddy DA, Doshi S, et al. An F876L mutation in androgen receptor confers genetic and phenotypic resistance to MDV3100 (enzalutamide). Cancer Disco. 2013;3:1030–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Igarashi Y, Yu L, Ikeda M, Oikawa T, Kitani S, Nihira T, et al. Jomthonic acid, a modified amino acid from a soil-derived Streptomyces. J Nat Prod. 2012;75:986–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Saito S, Fujimaki T, Panbangred W, Igarashi Y, Imoto M. Antarlides: a new type of androgen receptor (AR) antagonist that overcomes resistance to AR-targeted therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016;55:2728–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Saito S, Fujimaki T, Panbangred W, Sawa R, Igarashi Y, Imoto M. Antarlides F-H new members of the antarlide family produced by Streptomyces sp. BB47. J Antibiot. 2017;70:595–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kato Y, Scheuer PJ. Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, constituents of the marine mollusk Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). J Am Chem Soc. 1974;96:2245–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chlipala GE, Pham HT, Nguyen VH, Krunic A, Shim SH, Soejarto DD, et al. Nhatrangins A and B, aplysiatoxin-related metabolites from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Vietnam. J Nat Prod. 2010;73:784–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang CZ, Maier UH, Keil M, Zenk MH, Bacher A, Rohdich F, et al. Phenylalanine-independent biosynthesis of 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone. A retrobiosynthetic NMR study with root cultures of Swertia chirata. Eur J Biochem. 2003;270:2950–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith MR, Antonarakis ES, Ryan CJ, Berry WR, Shore ND, Liu G, et al. Phase 2 study of the safety and antitumor activity of apalutamide (ARN-509), a potent androgen receptor antagonist, in the high-risk nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer cohort. Eur Urol. 2016;70:963–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moilanen AM, Riikonen R, Oksala R, Ravanti L, Aho E, Wohlfahrt G, et al. Discovery of ODM-201, a new-generation androgen receptor inhibitor targeting resistance mechanisms to androgen signaling-directed prostate cancer therapies. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Borgmann H, Lallous N, Ozistanbullu D, Beraldi E, Paul N, Dalal K, et al. Moving towards precision urologic oncology: targeting enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer and mutated forms of the androgen receptor using the novel inhibitor darolutamide (ODM-201). Eur Urol. 2018;73:4–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Liu N, Zhou W, Guo Y, Wang J, Fu W, Sun H, et al. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the regulation of ligands to the interactions between androgen receptor and its coactivator. J Chem Inf Model. 2018;58:1652–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Work on new AR antagonists at Keio University was funded by a grant program for bioinformatics research and development of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number JP23102006 and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15H03116 to MI).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Masaya Imoto

  2. Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Takahiro Fujimaki

  3. Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

    Shun Saito

  4. Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan

    Etsu Tashiro

Authors
  1. Masaya Imoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Takahiro Fujimaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shun Saito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Etsu Tashiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.I. supervised this review article. T.F, S.S and E.T. wrote this review article.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masaya Imoto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Imoto, M., Fujimaki, T., Saito, S. et al. Androgen receptor antagonists produced by Streptomyces overcome resistance to enzalutamide. J Antibiot 74, 706–716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-021-00453-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-021-00453-y

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links